不同海拔高度华北落叶松的生长差异性分析

通过对河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局燕格柏林场华北落叶松2种海拔标准地进行调查,测量并分析华北落叶松的胸径、树高及材积,建立华北落叶松的生长过程总表和生长模型,之后运用t检验法来分析2种海拔高度下华北落叶松的生长差异性,结果表明:生长于1 400m左右海拔高度上的华北落叶松胸径总生长量、树高总生长量及材积总生长量都大于生长于1 700m左右海拔高度上的华北落叶松,并且其树干也更加通直。因此,在燕格柏林场,华北落叶松更适合在1 400m左右海拔高度上生长。     

不同翻地深度和栽植密度对华北落叶松早期生长的影响

通过不同翻地深度和不同栽植密度的造林试验,对河北省查字龙头山种苗场的华北落叶松早期生长性状进行了研究。栽植5a后,调查结果表明:深翻15cm可促进华北落叶松树高与胸径生长,深翻15cm比深翻40cm和对照的树高生长量分别提高5cm、16cm,胸径生长量分别提高0.12cm、0.23cm;造林密度2.0m×2.0m的比密度1.5m×1.5m的树高生长量低4cm、胸径高0.07cm;华北落叶松在一年中的7、8月份生长量最大,深翻15cm和40cm树高生长量分别达到年生长量的46.60%和43.71%、胸径生长量分别达到年生长量的38.52%和40.65%,造林密度2.0m×2.0m和密度1.5m×1.5m的树高生长量分别达到年生长量的38.23%和40.43%、胸径生长量分别达到年生长量的44.93%和40.45%。因此,通过适宜深度翻耕与合理的栽植密度造林可提高华北落叶松早期生长量。     

华北落叶松生长分析

通过对华北落叶松人工林进行了调查分析结果表明:1、华北落叶松生长过程,胸径和树高均在6~10 a出现速生,10a以后胸径和树高的连年生长量开始下降。2、华北落叶松当高径比为0.6~1.2时,林木分布近似正态分布。3、华北落叶松20年生时单株材积生长量比原产区高出37.3%。4、华北落叶松在该林区最适宜生长的海拔高度为2 700 m以下。初步认为华北落叶松在该林区引种是成功的,可作为该林区中低海拔速生造林树种。     

华北落叶松生长分析

以河北省隆化林业局华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.)人工林为研究对象,分析华北落叶松人工林胸径、树高以及材积生长过程,并利用不同的生长模型对华北落叶松人工林生长过程进行拟合,以找到最优模型。结果表明:华北落叶松的胸径生长在第16年连年生长量与总生长量曲线相交,此后平均生长量和连年生长量开始下降;华北落叶松的树高生长在第8~16年树高连年生长量呈现上升趋势,之后呈现下降趋势;华北落叶松的材积生长在前期呈现快速生长的趋势,并且在34a出现最大值,之后出现下降趋势,而平均生长量一直呈现比较平滑的上升趋势。Richards方程模拟华北落叶松人工林胸径、树高、材积生长过程效果最好。     

冀北山地不同坡向华北落叶松人工林生长量分析

为研究冀北山地华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)在不同坡向具体的生长状况,以木兰围场北沟林场的华北落叶松林为研究对象,采用树干解析的方法对其胸径和树高的生长量进行研究分析,结果表明:(1)阴坡华北落叶松胸径总生长量整体高于阳坡,其中在15~25 a最为明显,最大差值为0.8 cm。(2)阴坡与阳坡的华北落叶松胸径平均生长量的生长趋势基本一致,但是阴坡华北落叶松胸径平均生长量明显高于阳坡,10~30 a最为明显,最大差值为0.06 cm。(3)阴坡华北落叶松树高总生长量整体高于阳坡,25~35 a最为明显,最大差值为1.3 cm。(4)不同坡向华北落叶松树高平均生长量的增长趋势基本一致,但是阴坡华北落叶松树高平均生长量明显高于阳坡,10~35 a最为明显,最大差值为0.07 cm。     

太岳林区华北落叶松生长过程研究

为了了解太岳林区华北落叶松人工林的生长动态,为华北落叶松的科学经营管理提供技术参考和理论依据,笔者对太岳林局七里峪林场华北落叶松人工林解析木进行了研究,分析了华北落叶松的生长过程,建立华北落叶松人工林树高、胸径、材积的生长模型。结果表明,适合胸径生长过程的最优模型为Korf方程,适合树高、材积生长过程的最优模型为Richards方程,决定系数R2值均大于0.99.华北落叶松胸径的连年生长量在第9 a达到最大值0.95 cm,连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线相交在第17 a.树高连年生长量在第9年达到了最大值,9 a~12 a连年高生长量相同,连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线相交在第16 a.材积在9 a~15 a时连年生长量快速增长,15 a~21 a时连年生长量逐渐减缓;此后,在21 a~27 a时,连年生长量又呈现快速增长的趋势;直到第27 a,华北落叶松材积的连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线没有相交,说明七里峪林场的华北落叶松林分还没有达到成熟期,正处于生长期。     

间伐强度对华北落叶松人工林生长效应的研究

通过对20年生华北落叶松人工林进行不同强度的间伐试验,结果表明：间伐3 a后与对照相比,不同间伐强度对保留木胸径和树高的影响均显著,其中强度间伐表现最明显,3 a胸径和树高的生长量分别为1.79 cm,2.29 m;中度间伐对林分的蓄积生长量影响最大,初次采用中度间伐可以显著提高林分蓄积量,有效地提高华北落叶松造林的生态效益。     

不同坡位华北落叶松人工林生长规律研究

以河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局下属的孟滦林场的华北落叶松（Larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr．）为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,借助Excel和ForStat统计分析软件,分析不同坡位华北落叶松树高、胸径以及材积变化规律,以掌握树木个体生长的基本规律。研究结果表明：华北落叶松各生长因子在生长过程中都会出现二次生长,树高和胸径的连年生长量在10年达最大值,而材积连年生长量在20年达最大值,在25年各因子同时出现二次生长。华北落叶松平均树高生长量最大为0．7m,平均胸径生长量最大为0．78cm,平均材积生长量为0．00629m^3。     

庞泉沟保护区天然华北落叶松林单木生长过程研究

以关帝山林区的天然华北落叶松为研究对象,在不同立地条件下设置了3块标准样地,选取25株平均标准木进行树干解析,采用Log istic方程和R ichards方程拟合树高和胸径、材积生长过程。结果表明：1）胸径、树高前5 a生长缓慢,5 a后加速生长,而材积在前10 a生长缓慢,10 a后加速生长。2）不同立地条件下华北落叶松胸径、树高、材积总生长量前30 a差别不明显,30 a后立地条件越好,三者的总生长量越大且长势较好,表现出速生丰产的优势。     

塞罕坝林区低密度经营对华北落叶松林分生长的影响

为了给坝上塞罕坝林区低密度经营提供依据,以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对不同林分密度条件下(150株/hm~2、225株/hm~2、300株/hm~2和375株/hm~2)华北落叶松林分的生长情况进行分析,研究低密度经营对华北落叶松生长的影响,提出培育华北落叶松大径级用材林的技术体系。结果表明:林分密度对胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量都有一定程度的影响,影响程度按照胸径、单株材积、树高顺序递减;林分密度过大或过小均影响华北落叶松林分的生长,林分密度控制在225~300株/hm~2时,华北落叶松胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量最大。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.