海南岛尖峰岭鸡毛松人工林乔木层生物量和生产力研究

对海南岛尖峰岭35年生鸡毛松人工林生物量的结构与分布特点、净初级生产力和林分生长的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,鸡毛松人工林乔木层生物量达285 53t·hm-2,其中树干为190 82t·hm-2,树皮为19 19t·hm-2,树枝为35 93t·hm-2,树叶为7 96t·hm-2,根为31 63t·hm-2,鸡毛松不同器官生物量的比例为树干∶树枝∶根∶树皮∶树叶=24 0∶4 5∶4 0∶2 4∶1 0。12～22cm径级的立木生物量占总生物量的70 9%,而8m以下的树干生物量占其总生物量的80%以上。1～25a内生物量增长迅速,年平均净生产量随年龄的增加而增大,25a后生物量增长相对较慢,进入生长的平稳期。35a鸡毛松人工林乔木层年平均净生产力可达10 34t·hm-2·a-1,最大可达13 99t·hm-2·a-1,表现出较高的生产力。     

楠木人工林生态系统生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分布

对32年生楠木人工林生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其空间分布进行测定.结果表明;楠木林分平均生物量为174.33 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为166.73 t·hm-2,占林分生物量的95.6%;楠木林分生态系统各组分碳含量为树干0.576 9 gC·8-1,树皮0.465 4 gC·g-1,树枝0.523 2 gC·g-1,树叶0.495 8 gC·g-1,树根0.493 1 gC·g-1,灌木层0.498 9gC·g-1,草本层0.473 3 gC·g-1,苔藓层0.414 3 gC·g-1,枯落物层0.388 2 gC·g-1;土壤碳含量平均值为0.013 9gC·g-1,随土层深度增加各层次土壤碳含量逐渐减少;楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量为227.59 t·hm-2,其中乔木层91.33 t·hm-1,占楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量的40.13%,灌木层0.38 t·hm-2,只占0.17%,草本层1.71 t·hm-2,占0.76%,苔藓层0.63 t·hm-2,占0.28%,枯落物层0.66 t·hm-2,占0.29%,林地土壤(0～80 cm)碳贮量为 132.88t·hm-2,占58.40%;其碳库空间分布序列为土壤(0～80 cm)＞乔木层＞草本层＞枯落物层＞苔藓层＞灌木层;楠木林分净生产量为8.570 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层净生产量为6.669 1 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的77.82%.楠木林分碳素年固定量4.253 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层碳素年固定量3.573 6 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的84.01%.     

18年生樟树人工林生物量的结构与分布

为了合理开发利用樟树人工林资源 ,为进一步研究樟树人工林生态系统提供基础数据 ,对 18年生樟树人工林生物量的结构与分布特点进行了研究 .结果表明 :18年生樟树人工林分生物量为 111.0 8t/hm2 ,年平均净生产力为 6.17t· hm- 2 a- 1 ,生态系统的生物量分配格局为乔木层 >枯枝落叶层 >下木层 >草本层 ,其中乔木层生物量为 91.97t· hm- 2 ,净生产力为 5 .11t· hm- 2a- 1 ,其生物量分配格局为树干 >树枝 >树根 >树皮 >树叶 ;在林分产量结构方面 ,5 m以下树干生物量占其总量的 80 % ,树枝的生物量主要分布在 4～ 11m,占其总量的 86% ,树叶的生物量主要分布在 8～ 12 m,占树叶总生物量的 78% ,地下根系在离地面 40 cm深土层内的生物量占总根量的 84.74% .目前 ,该林分群落结构不合理 ,应调整群落产量结构 ,以提高其综合效益     

闽粤栲天然林生物量及预测模型研究

在常绿阔叶林采伐迹地上经天然更新措施后 1 3年生闽粤栲林分的总生物量达 1 1 3 75 8t·hm-2 ,其中活生物量为1 0 8 382t·hm-2 ,凋落物现存量为 5 376t·hm-2 ,地上部分生物量中 ,干材占 5 8 78%。应用多种回归模型建立了闽粤栲不同器官的生物量分配与胸径的回归方程 ,经检验以二次方程和直线方程预测效果较好 ,可用于生产实践     

闽江下游福建青冈次生林群落的生物量特征

采用标准木法(乔木层)及样方收获法(灌木层、草本层),研究了闽江下游黄槠林自然保护区福建青冈次生林的生物量及其分配规律。结果表明:森林总生物量为394.990 t.hm-2,其中树干为220.516 t.hm-2(55.82%),枝为48.229 t.hm-2(12.21%),叶为11.449 t.hm-2(2.90%),根为89.336 t.hm-2(22.62%)。生物量绝大部分积累于乔木层(89.95%)。群落各组成树种中福建青冈占显著优势,栲树、青冈、拟赤扬、黄瑞木等为群落重要伴生树种,制约和影响着群落的结构和生境。     

灰木莲人工林生物量和生产力的研究

对广西高峰林场界牌分场46年生灰木莲人工林的生物量和生产力进行测定和研究,建立灰木莲各器官生物量估测模型,分析灰木莲人工林不同径阶的生物量的分配规律和林分生产力。结果表明:生物量估测模型拟合效果理想,达到较高精度,可用于生产实践;灰木莲林分乔木层总生物量为224.86 t·hm-2,干材生物量为155.24 t·hm-2,占总生物量比重的69.04%;林下植被总生物量为5.31 t·hm-2。无论是单株生物量还是乔木层生物量,灰木莲各个器官生物量所占总生物量的比例顺序均为:干材>根系>活枝>干皮>叶子>枯枝;灰木莲人工林单株生物量随着林木径阶的增大而增加,不同径阶差异性显著;灰木莲人工林净生产力为10.09 t·hm-2·a-1。     

广西国有雅长林场光皮桦人工林生物量的研究

以雅长林场12a生光皮桦人工林为研究对象,主要研究光皮桦的生物量分布规律。研究结果如下:(1)光皮桦人工林平均单株总生物量为115.45kg/株,其中树干占有的生物量最大,比重达到56.54%,细根占的比重最小,仅占0.24%。不同器官生物量大小排序为:树干(65.28kg)树枝(14.95kg)树皮(12.90kg)根蔸(11.76kg)粗根(5.37kg)树叶(4.23kg)中根(0.71kg)细根(0.28kg)。(2)光皮桦乔木层生物量占总生物量的93.52%,其生物量为122.38t·hm2。林下植被生物量含量较少,仅8.48t·hm-2,占林分总生物量的6.48%。不同结构层次生物量大小排序为乔木层(122.38t)枯落物层(4.26t)灌木层(2.35t)草本层(1.87t)。     

不同林龄尾巨桉林植被碳储量分配格局

基于对5个林龄尾巨桉林分不同层次植被生物量和碳含量的测定,本文研究了5个不同林龄尾巨桉林分植被碳储量的分配格局.结果表明:5个不同林龄尾巨桉林分中乔木层、林下灌木层、林下草本层和凋落物层碳含量均值分别为47.64%、50.59%、44.41%和48.92%,碳储量为7.17~145.15 t·hm-2,随林龄增加而增大.乔木层碳储量所占比例最大,随林龄增加乔木层碳储量所占比例也逐渐增大.     

杉木与马褂木、檫树混交林及其纯林生物量和土壤肥力研究

从林分生长、生物量、空间分布格局及土壤养分等方面 ,对营造于福建邵武的 5年生杉木与马褂木、檫树不同模式混交林及其纯林进行了研究。结果表明 :杉木与马褂木、檫树混交林及马褂木、檫树纯林具有较高的林分生产力 ,马褂木纯林 (91.932 t· hm-2 )和杉 2∶马 1(4 5 .2 32 t·hm-2 )混交林生物量 (烘干 )分别是杉木纯林的 4 .5 5倍、2 .2 4倍 ;杉 3∶马 1(36.12 0 t· hm-2 )和杉5∶马 1(34 .2 92 t· hm-2 )混交林生物量 ,分别比杉木纯林大 78.96%和 69.90 % ;檫树纯林生物量(60 .10 5 t· hm-2 )是杉木纯林的 3.31倍 ,杉 2∶檫 1(32 .4 2 6t· hm-2 )、杉 3∶檫 1(2 8.635 t·hm-2 )和杉 5∶檫 1(2 5 .82 3t· hm-2 )混交林 ,分别比杉木纯林大 78.5 4 %、5 7.67%和 4 2 .18%。杉木与马褂木、檫树混交林不仅有利于维护地力 ,促进杉木生长 ,而且可形成较好的林分结构 ,杉 2∶马 (檫 ) 1带状混交模式是值得推广的杉阔造林模式。     

重庆铁山坪马尾松林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

分析重庆铁山坪46年(42～51年)生马尾松次生林的生物量、碳贮量及其空间分布特征.结果表明:马尾松林生物量为142.06 t·hm-2,乔木层(89.91%)＞灌木层(5.61%)＞枯枝落叶层(2.98%)＞草本层(1.50%);马尾松林生态系统的总有机碳贮量为197.78 t·nn-2,乔木层为76.06 t·hm-2(38.45%),灌木层为3.55 t·hm-2(1.79%),草本层为0.88 t·hm-2(0.44%),现存凋落物层为2.34 t.hm-2(1.17%),土壤层为114.96 t·hm-2(58.13%);马尾松各器官的碳贮量与其生物量成正比,树干的碳贮量最高,占乔木层碳贮量的75.06%;马尾松林年净生物量增长量为9.01 t·hm-2a-2,年净固碳量为4.49 t·hm-2a-2,折合成CO2为16.46 t·Inn-2a-1.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.