漂白紫胶贮存性质的研究(第三报)——紫胶树脂卤化及脱卤反应产物结构的研究

为了证实紫胶漂白过程中生成的不稳定结合氯和稳定结合氯在树脂分子上的位置,用壳脑酸和壳脑酸二甲酯与溴反应模拟了紫胶树脂与游离氯之间的反应。两者的溴加成产物分别为α,β-二溴壳脑酸和α,β-二溴壳脑酸二甲酯,后者的脱溴产物为β-溴壳脑酸二甲酯.用各种波谱确定了上述3个化合物的结构.实验展示了在漂白过程中游离氯加成在紫胶树脂的萜烯酸双键上生成α,β二氯衍生物,脱氯时α位结合氯和β碳原子上的一个氢原子作为氯化氢脱落而恢复双键,留下β位上稳定的结合氯.     

漂白胶贮存性质的研究(二报)——紫胶树脂在漂白过程中性质变化的研究

本文研究了紫胶树脂在漂白和脱氯过程中分子量、热寿命、酸价、碘价、羟基值和氯含量的变化情况。结果证明:漂白过程中,氯主要以自由基加成的方式进入紫胶树脂,同时还有氯的自由基取代和树脂上醛基、伯羟基的氧化反应。在脱氯过程中,漂白胶树脂上大部分危害其贮存性的结合氯被除去,这些氯通过消去和取代反应脱离树脂,同时产生双键和羟基。脱氯后仍残留在紫胶树脂上的氯相当稳定,难以自行脱落,经过脱氯处理,漂白胶具备了片胶所具备的优良性质。     

漂白紫胶贮存性质的研究(第四报)——紫胶树脂环状组分卤化反应动力学的研究

为了解NaClO与紫胶树脂反应的规律,用壳脑酸与NaClO及壳脑酸二甲酯与溴反应,模拟了紫胶树脂与游离氯间的反应。结果表明NaClO与壳脑酸的反应为一表观复杂反应,反应前15min进行得很快,降低pH和提高温度均可加速反应。溴与壳脑酸二甲酯反应的活化能为66.2kJ/mol。由此可知,用NaClO漂白紫胶时,游离氯必然会进入树脂,成为树脂的结合氯,从而危害漂白紫胶产品的贮存性。     

Ni/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其在松节油催化加氢反应中的应用

以溶胶凝胶法制备Ti O_2-Al_2O_3复合载体,采用超声波辅助浸渍负载Ni制得Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化剂,将其应用于松节油催化加氢反应,考察了催化剂制备条件及松节油催化加氢反应条件对催化加氢的影响。结果表明,复合载体中钛铝物质的量之比(钛铝比)值0.4、载体焙烧温度550℃、超声波功率280 W、硝酸镍浸渍液浓度0.5 mol/L和超声波辅助浸渍时间2 h的条件下,制备的催化剂Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化性能最高。最佳的加氢反应条件为:反应时间140 min、反应压力4.5 MPa、反应温度150℃和催化剂用量为松节油质量的5%,该条件下原料中α-蒎烯转化率达97.27%,产物顺式蒎烷的选择性为96.15%,顺式蒎烷的得率为93.52%。     

紫胶树脂链状组分紫胶桐酸漂白机理的研究

根据漂白紫胶脱氯反应过程中工艺参数改变时脱氯速度曲线形状呈明显规律性变化，以及氯含量常规测定方法无法测出紫胶树脂环状组分上稳定态结合氯的事实，证实紫胶树脂链状组分上的结合氯含量比原先估计的要高，且该部分结合氯较易脱落，从而为寻找最佳脱氯工艺条件提供了进一步的理论依据。     

紫胶漂白胶的稳性试验

紫胶经漂白之后,热寿命显著下降。由于漂白胶寿命短促,因此易于老化变性,不溶于酒精。为了解决漂白胶的老化变性问题,我们自1973年下半年以来,对漂白胶的稳性进行了一些研究。紫胶在漂白过程中,由于氧和氯的作用,加速虫胶分子的缩聚,使活性基团大大减少,寿命大大降低。如漂白液浓度过大,用量过多,反应进行猛烈,结果就会完全聚合而不能用了。另一方面,漂白胶的寿命是短促的,当将其脱水干燥之后,在空气中,由于受     

萜烯马来酸酐催化加氢反应的研究

研究了反应温度、压力、催化剂用量等因素对萜烯马来酸酐催化加氢制备氢化萜烯马来酸酐合成工艺的影响.实验结果表明,采用钯碳催化萜烯马来酸酐加氢生成氢化萜烯马来酸酐的最佳反应条件为:反应温度150～160 ℃、氢气压力8～10 MPa、催化剂用量4 %～6 %.该催化氢化工艺具有催化效率高、选择性好、反应时间短等优点.     

国内外紫胶深加工技术现状及趋势

综述国内外紫胶结构的差异,紫胶深加工产品紫胶蜡、紫胶色素、紫胶桐酸、漂白胶的国内外生产技术及工艺;阐述紫胶改性、漂白机理、漂白紫胶脱氯技术及紫胶新应用领域等国内外紫胶深加工技术研究及发展趋势;最后,提出紫胶深加工技术研究的方向和建议.     

环保合成无铅汽油

天然紫胶蜡的提取方法是以漂白胶生产过程中废弃助滤剂为原料，用水或稀碳酸钠溶液浸出紫胶加工中废弃助滤剂，冷却后分离出助滤剂中的紫胶蜡。紫胶蜡粗品用索式提取器在有机溶剂中分离粗蜡中的杂质，将分离杂质后的紫胶蜡和有机溶剂的混合物进行常压或减压蒸馏，回收有机溶剂后即得块状的紫胶蜡产品。     

水溶性钯-膦配合物催化松香加氢反应的研究

制备并表征了具有温控功能的膦配体脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚亚磷酸邻苯二酚酯(FAPEPP),将其与钯的配合物用于催化松香加氢反应的研究,考察了反应时间、反应温度、氢气压力、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响.在松香5g、m(松香): m(甲苯): m(水)1: 2: 2、氯化钯0.090%、n(氯化钯): n(膦配体)1: 10、氢气压力5MPa,反应温度160℃,反应时间3h的较佳工艺条件下,产物氢化松香中枞酸的质量分数小于1%,去氢枞酸的质量分数5.6%,符合GB/T 14020-2006国家标准;并对催化剂的重复使用性能进行了考察,催化剂相不经过处理直接重复使用5次后,产品氢化松香仍然符合国家标准中关于枞酸和去氢枞酸的指标要求.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.