木聚糖碱抽提液超滤过程中截留率的研究

研究了木聚糖碱抽提液超滤过程中截留率的变化规律。研究结果表明：GC5、GC10、G-C30这3种超滤膜对木聚糖截留率均大于90％，操作压力、进料速度、木聚糖浓度等操作参数几乎不影响它们对木聚糖的截留能力；另外，操作压力、进料速度、木聚糖浓度等操作参数增大时，PS6超滤膜对木聚糖的截留率随之略有增大，在76％～87％之间。上述4种超滤膜对木聚糖碱抽提液中非还原糖类固形物的截留率均小于15％。GC5、GC10、GC30、PS6等4种超滤膜适用于纯化木聚糖碱抽提液，但GC类超滤膜更适合于木聚糖碱抽提液的超滤纯化过程。     

寒地果桑嫩枝扦插繁育技术研究

采用L9（3^4）正交设计，研究了生根调节剂类型（IBA、GGR、ABT）、生根调节剂浓度（500mg／L、1000mg／L、2000mg／L）、营养物质浓度（木醋叶面肥200倍液400倍液800倍液）对果桑品种“龙桑一号”的嫩枝扦插效果的影响。对生根率进行了测定分析。结果表明：选用ABT1号生根粉作为生根调节剂，生根粉浓度为2000mg／L，扦插后使用木醋叶面肥的200倍液喷洒，可以获得较好的扦插效果。     

纤维素和木聚糖复合诱导合成木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Rrichoderma reesei)为产酶菌，分别对纤维素、纤维素和木聚糖诱导产酶的功能进行了研究。研究发现，纤维素具有诱导木聚糖酶合成的功能；纤维素和木聚糖混合对木聚糖酶合成具有促进作用，可大幅度提高木聚酶活力。与纯木聚糖（5g/L)产酶相比，纯木聚糖（4g/L)和纸浆（1g/L)混合产酶木聚糖酶活可以提高45％。研究成果为采用富含木聚糖的植物纤维料作碳源制备木聚糖酶提供了理论依据。     

华灰莉木的组织培养与快速繁殖

文章对华灰莉木组织培养快繁育苗技术进行研究。结果表明,以华灰莉木嫩茎为外植体,不定芽增殖系数高达2．095倍,持续增殖培养时,每个继代周期约有35％～40％的不定芽可分切转生根培养。适宜华灰莉木不定芽快速增殖的培养基为MS＋6-BA3．0mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L,或MS＋6-BA3．5mg／L＋NAA0．2mg／L,蔗糖30g／L;而诱导生根的适宜培养基为1／2MS＋IBA1．0～2．0mg／L,蔗糖15g／L,生根率达94％。生根试管植株炼苗后移植存活率达90％。     

植物生长调节剂对红花檵木扦插影响的试验

对不同植物生长调节剂及其浓度、处理方式和处理时间对红花檵木扦插生根的影响进行研究。结果表明：IBA、IAA、NAA和ABT中，以IBA处理效果最佳。IBA不同处理方式有其对应浓度，IBA浸泡处理以200mg／L扦插效果最佳，速沾浓度以2000mg／L效果最好。而IBA滑石粉稠液蘸沾浓度以100mg／L为宜。IBA处理时间对红花枉木扦插生根的影响具显著差异，用300mg／L的IBA溶液处理红花檵木插条，以60min的效果最佳；用1000mg／L的IBA溶液进行速沾，以608为宜。IBA和NAA两种植物生长调节剂混合使用对红花檵木扦插生根具有桔抗作用。     

膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应

以木聚糖为底物、木聚糖酶为催化剂，在木聚糖质量浓度为30．0g/L，操作压力16kPa，进料速度400mL/min，时间12h,pH值5．0，温度为48摄氏度的条件下研究了超滤膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应。结果表明，木聚糖的酶水解总糖得率为60．10％，未水解木聚糖聚合度为10左右，碱溶对聚合度没有影响，未水解木聚糖重新水解，总糖得率为7．50％。     

木聚糖相对分子质量分布对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶茵，研究了相对分子质量(Mw)分布不同的木聚糖对木聚糖酶合成的影响。通过SephadexG一100凝胶过滤色谱分级分离发现木聚糖A中低Mw组分较多，木聚糖B中低Mw组分较少，木聚糖C中低Mw组分最少。分别以这3种木聚糖为碳源合成木聚糖酶，最高木聚糖酶活力分别为153．64、120．84和110.84IU／mL，产酶时间分别为60、72和96h。用这3种碳源合成的木聚糖酶酶解粗木聚糖，酶解2h时，产物中低聚木糖分别占总糖的80．70％、68．56％和66．92％。这表明低Mw组分较多的木聚糖不仅有利于促进木聚糖酶的诱导合成，而且有利于促进内切-1，4-木聚糖酶的合成。     

杨木屑木聚糖碱法提取及其制备低聚木糖的工艺研究

为充分利用杨树资源,以杨木加工废弃物杨木屑为原料,研究碱法提取木聚糖的工艺条件,并采取酶法制备低聚木糖。以质量分数为1%的稀硫酸预处理可以有效提高杨木屑木聚糖的得率,较对照组提高了2倍。对比3种碱液(NaOH、KOH和NaHCO_3)提取杨木屑木聚糖的得率,以NaOH提取的木聚糖得率最大。通过单因素和正交试验优化NaOH提取杨木屑木聚糖的条件,结果显示碱液质量分数10%,固液比1∶10(g∶mL),温度120℃下提取3 h所得的木聚糖得率可达到20.7%,且四因素对提取得率的影响显著程度依次为提取温度碱液质量分数提取时间固液比。碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖酸水解后产物由88.69%D-木糖、4.76%纤维二糖和6.62%葡萄糖组成且不含有阿拉伯糖,说明碱法提取的杨木屑木聚糖支链上主要连有木糖。以碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖为底物,优化了来源于嗜热菌Dictyoglomus thermophilum的重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT的酶解适宜条件:在温度70℃,pH 6.0,酶用量3.00 U/m L,反应时间12 h后,杨木屑木聚糖水解产物中以木二糖和木三糖为主,并含有少量木四糖,降解率达86.2%。研究结果为杨木屑木聚糖的高值化利用奠定了基础。     

诱导食用真菌代谢生产木聚糖酶的研究

以木聚糖为诱导底物，对66株大型食用真菌进行液体发酵诱导培养，采用超薄层琼脂板扩散法和DNS测定法进行初筛、复筛，最终筛选出3株产木聚糖酶较高的菌株。检测单因素结合正交试验，最终确定黑木耳LK8、玉田平菇、香菇236经木聚糖诱导，产木聚糖酶的最佳培养时间、pH值和底物木聚糖浓度分别为20d、7．5和1．0g／100mL；25d、7．0和1．0g／100mL；25d、5．0和0．75g／100mL，最佳条件组合时的酶活分别为：600．6IU／mL，672．5IU／mL，345IU／mL。并且，培养液pH值是影响诱导效果的主要因素。     

应用三维电催化氧化技术处理高浓度焦化废水的中试研究

应用三维电催化氧化技术对高浓度焦化废水进行了中试研究,结果表明：在常温常压下,使用三维电催化氧化技术处理宝钢高浓度焦化废水,废水CODcr,可从800000mg／L降到87400mg／L,去除率达到89．0％;T—CN从40．6mg／L降到11．0mg／L,去除率达到72．9％,B／C可从0．3提高到0．68,从而有利于后续生化处理。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.