丙烯酸树脂豆基胶黏剂的研究

以丙烯酸树脂作为交联剂,制备共混改性豆基胶黏剂。探讨了助剂加入量、助剂种类、胶液pH值及热压温度对胶合板的胶合强度与耐水性的影响。结果表明:当助剂加入量为胶液的3/1 000、助剂为聚氯化铝、胶液pH值为3.75时,压板工艺为热压时间6 min、热压压力1.1 MPa、热压温度125℃时,胶合板胶合强度为0.74 MPa,符合GB/T9846—2015中Ⅱ类胶合板强度要求。     

环氧树脂-水性聚酰胺改性豆粕胶黏剂压制胶合板的研究

本文采用环氧树脂和水性聚酰胺对豆粕进行复合改性制备无醛胶黏剂,对豆粕胶黏剂的性能指标和胶合板的胶合强度进行了研究.通过正交试验得出以下最佳工艺参数:当热压温度为120℃、环氧树脂与水性聚酰胺改性豆粕溶液的质量比为20:80、热压时间600 s时胶合板的胶合强度最高,为0.7628 MPa,达到国家标准GB/T 9846-2015中Ⅱ类胶合板使用要求.     

改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造杨木胶合板热压工艺

利用单因素试验方法,研究了热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和施胶量对使用改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造的杨木胶合板胶合强度的影响规律.结果表明:在100～ 220℃热压温度范围内,随着热压温度的增加,胶合强度显著增大;在35～60 s/mm热压时间范围内,胶合强度随热压时间的增加呈上升趋势,当时间从60 s/mm升至85 s/mm,胶合强度几乎保持一致;热压压力在1.25 MPa时,胶合强度达到最大值;施胶量在130 ～430g/m2热压时间范围内,胶合强度随施胶量的增加呈上升趋势.由此得出最优工艺参数为:热压温度180℃,热压压力1.25 MPa,热压时间60 s/mm,施胶量为310g/m2.     

胶合工艺对桉/杨Ⅰ类胶合板胶合强度的影响

按树和杨树是种植广泛的人工林树种之一,利用其制造结构胶合板意义大重.通过测定不同热压温度、时间、压力和涂胶量条件下,桉杨混合组坯结构胶合板的胶合强度,发现4个因子对胶合板的胶合强度均影响显著.本试验范围内,较优胶合工艺参数为:热压温度145℃、时间1.5 min/mm、压力0.8 MPa、涂胶量320 g/m2.     

改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合工艺初探

以杨木单板为试材研究了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合性能,采用单因素实验方法,探讨了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂压制胶合板的胶合工艺。分析了热压温度、热压时间和涂胶量对三层杨木胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:采用改性后的豆基蛋白胶黏剂,在压力为1.4MPa,温度为165℃左右,热压时间为1.4～1.6 min/mm,涂胶量为220g/m~2,压制的杨木胶合板胶合性能较佳且达到Ⅰ类胶合板的标准。     

低密度聚乙烯膜胶合板制备工艺研究

以杨木单板为基材,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜为胶黏剂制备木塑复合胶合板,探讨了单位面积上LDPE的质量、改性剂种类及热压工艺对木塑复合胶合板胶合强度的影响。结果表明:经过表面改性的杨木单板制备的胶合板胶合强度优于未改性单板制备的胶合板胶合强度;以KH-550为杨木单板表面改性剂(用量2%),采用121 g/m~2 LDPE薄膜,在温度160℃、时间8 min、压力2.0～2.2 MPa热压工艺条件下,制备的木塑复合胶合板胶合强度符合GB/T 9846—2015中Ⅱ类胶合板要求;表面改性单板表面接触角的检测结果表明,经硅烷偶联剂KH-550处理的木材表面接触角最小,其渗透性较好。     

豆胶的热反应特性及胶合特性分析北大核心

大豆蛋白胶因其可再生、可降解和环保性而受到广泛关注。豆胶的热反应特性和胶合特性研究结果显示:以20℃/min速率升温时,豆胶胶液在157℃时完全固化,在173℃开始降解;胶合板的胶合强度与涂胶量呈线性正相关。按热压温度160℃、热压时间80s/mm、压力1.6MPa、双面涂胶量450g/m2的工艺制备豆胶胶合板,其湿态胶合强度为0.78 MPa,满足GB/T 9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分:普通胶合板通用技术条件》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

豆胶的热反应特性及胶合特性分析

大豆蛋白胶因其可再生、可降解和环保性而受到广泛关注。豆胶的热反应特性和胶合特性研究结果显示:以20℃/min速率升温时,豆胶胶液在157℃时完全固化,在173℃开始降解;胶合板的胶合强度与涂胶量呈线性正相关。按热压温度160℃、热压时间80s/mm、压力1.6MPa、双面涂胶量450g/m2的工艺制备豆胶胶合板,其湿态胶合强度为0.78 MPa,满足GB/T 9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分:普通胶合板通用技术条件》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

4A分子筛改性阻燃胶合板的研制

用4A分子筛改性脲醛树脂、BL阻燃剂处理杨木单板,通过正交试验设计,制备阻燃胶合板并检测其胶合强度及阻燃性能。结果表明,分子筛可提高阻燃胶合板的胶合强度,分子筛加入胶黏剂中对阻燃胶合板的阻燃性能影响不大。分子筛改性阻燃胶合板制造的优化工艺为阻燃剂浓度10%、分子筛量4%、涂胶量380g/m2、热压温度120℃。     

竹材苯酚液化及胶黏剂制备工艺

采用单因素试验和正交试验研究了竹材加工剩余物的苯酚液化工艺,并进一步研究了竹材苯酚液化产物-甲醛树脂胶黏剂(BPF)的制备工艺和性能。试验结果表明:竹材苯酚液化过程中,液化温度对液化效果的影响最为显著,其次是液比和液化反应时间,催化剂用量2%~4%范围内对液化效果影响不大。竹材加工剩余物苯酚液化的优选工艺为:液固比值3.5、催化剂用量4%、液化温度145℃、液化时间60 min;在此工艺下竹材液化率为99.1%。胶黏剂制备过程中,竹材苯酚液化物与甲醛溶液(甲醛质量分数为37%)的合理质量比为100∶164.8~199.5,其中以100∶182.1较佳。BPF的固化温度低于普通酚醛树脂胶黏剂(PF),因而可在较低温度下固化良好,在130℃或140℃热压温度条件下,用其制备的胶合板的胶合强度均比较理想,热压温度为140℃时的试验结果更佳。     

无胶胶合板试验研究

以活化剂浓度、热压时间及含水率等工艺参数为因子,用正交试验法对无胶胶合板的制造工艺进行研究。结果表明,影响无胶胶合板胶合强度的主要因素是活化剂浓度,热压时间、含水率为次要因素,同时还得到了较优的工艺参数。     

刨花形态对竹材自生胶合刨花板性能的影响

利用半纤维素酶/漆酶协同处理3种不同类型的竹刨花,热压制备竹材自生胶合刨花板,研究不同刨花形态对刨花板物理力学性能的影响.结果表明:刨花形态对竹材自生胶合刨花板主要物理力学性能有显著影响,3种刨花形态中,4～16目的细刨花性能最佳,16目以上碎刨花作为填料加到大刨花中有利于提高刨花板弹性模量,减小吸水厚度膨胀率.该结论为进一步研究刨花形态与竹材自生胶合刨花板物理力学性能的关系提供了理论基础.     

麦秸无胶碎料板制备工艺研究

以麦秸碎料为主要原料,采用漆酶水浴与干法两种不同处理方法压制麦秸无胶碎料板,研究热压温度、热压压力和热压时间对板材物理力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:影响麦秸无胶碎料板物理力学性能的主要因素是热压温度;水浴处理方法压制碎料板的物理力学性能优于干法压制的碎料板;漆酶水浴处理方法较优的热压工艺参数为漆酶用量43.6U/g,含水率10%,热压温度170℃,热压压力3~4MPa,热压时间20~25min。     

Influence of pressing parameters on mechanical and physical properties of self-bonded laminated beech boards

Abstract

Five-ply self-bonded boards were obtained by pressing beech veneers parallel to the grain without additional adhesives, steam or pre-treatment. Fifteen different combinations of pressing parameters were tested, including temperature (200°C, 225°C and 250°C), pressure (4, 5 and 6 MPa) and pressing time (240, 300 and 360 seconds). Due to severe pressing conditions, the new product showed a higher density and different properties compared to a conventionally glued laminated wooden board. The self-bonding quality was assessed through dry shear strength tests, through a three-point bending test and a water-soaking test at 20°C. The dimensions in the cross section of the boards were measured after soaking in water. Results show that the choice of pressing parameters affects all the mechanical and physical properties tested. A statistical analysis revealed that the pressing temperature is the most influential parameter. Boards pressed at 200°C delaminated rapidly in water, whereas boards pressed at 225°C delaminated only at core-positioned layers after 48 hours and boards pressed at 250°C did not delaminate at all in water. Compared to panels pressed at lower temperatures, boards pressed at 250°C had the highest density, a higher shear and bending strength and a lower water absorption.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.