豆胶的热反应特性及胶合特性分析北大核心

大豆蛋白胶因其可再生、可降解和环保性而受到广泛关注。豆胶的热反应特性和胶合特性研究结果显示:以20℃/min速率升温时,豆胶胶液在157℃时完全固化,在173℃开始降解;胶合板的胶合强度与涂胶量呈线性正相关。按热压温度160℃、热压时间80s/mm、压力1.6MPa、双面涂胶量450g/m2的工艺制备豆胶胶合板,其湿态胶合强度为0.78 MPa,满足GB/T 9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分:普通胶合板通用技术条件》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

豆胶的热反应特性及胶合特性分析

大豆蛋白胶因其可再生、可降解和环保性而受到广泛关注。豆胶的热反应特性和胶合特性研究结果显示:以20℃/min速率升温时,豆胶胶液在157℃时完全固化,在173℃开始降解;胶合板的胶合强度与涂胶量呈线性正相关。按热压温度160℃、热压时间80s/mm、压力1.6MPa、双面涂胶量450g/m2的工艺制备豆胶胶合板,其湿态胶合强度为0.78 MPa,满足GB/T 9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分:普通胶合板通用技术条件》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造杨木胶合板热压工艺

利用单因素试验方法,研究了热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和施胶量对使用改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造的杨木胶合板胶合强度的影响规律.结果表明:在100～ 220℃热压温度范围内,随着热压温度的增加,胶合强度显著增大;在35～60 s/mm热压时间范围内,胶合强度随热压时间的增加呈上升趋势,当时间从60 s/mm升至85 s/mm,胶合强度几乎保持一致;热压压力在1.25 MPa时,胶合强度达到最大值;施胶量在130 ～430g/m2热压时间范围内,胶合强度随施胶量的增加呈上升趋势.由此得出最优工艺参数为:热压温度180℃,热压压力1.25 MPa,热压时间60 s/mm,施胶量为310g/m2.     

尾叶桉单板胶合性能的初步研究

根据尾叶桉(E.urophylla)木材的特点,采用单因素试验方法,探讨了尾叶桉生产胶合板的可行性。重点讨论了胶合板的热压工艺(热压压力、热压时间、热压温度)和涂胶量以及心边材对三层胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:在未采用厚度规时,压力为1．2MPa,温度为140℃左右,热压时间为0．8～1．1min／mm,涂胶量为250g／m2,用pH值为 12．5的PF胶,生产出的桉树胶合板胶合性能较佳。     

改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合工艺初探

以杨木单板为试材研究了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合性能,采用单因素实验方法,探讨了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂压制胶合板的胶合工艺。分析了热压温度、热压时间和涂胶量对三层杨木胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:采用改性后的豆基蛋白胶黏剂,在压力为1.4MPa,温度为165℃左右,热压时间为1.4～1.6 min/mm,涂胶量为220g/m~2,压制的杨木胶合板胶合性能较佳且达到Ⅰ类胶合板的标准。     

豆胶染色杨木胶合板的工艺及性能

研究了豆胶染色杨木胶合板的工艺,并且对其胶合强度和x射线衍射图谱进行分析.实验结果表明:较佳的热压工艺条件为:热压温度160℃,热压压力1.5 MPa,热压时间80 s/mm;用此工艺压制胶合板的胶合强度达到1.50 MPa,表面颜色较好;X射线衍射结果证明了热压后豆胶染色杨木单板的相对结晶度有所提高,达到76.27%.     

环氧树脂-水性聚酰胺改性豆粕胶黏剂压制胶合板的研究

本文采用环氧树脂和水性聚酰胺对豆粕进行复合改性制备无醛胶黏剂,对豆粕胶黏剂的性能指标和胶合板的胶合强度进行了研究.通过正交试验得出以下最佳工艺参数:当热压温度为120℃、环氧树脂与水性聚酰胺改性豆粕溶液的质量比为20:80、热压时间600 s时胶合板的胶合强度最高,为0.7628 MPa,达到国家标准GB/T 9846-2015中Ⅱ类胶合板使用要求.     

碱木素-大豆蛋白胶黏剂在胶合板中的应用研究

探讨了一种新型木素基无醛胶黏剂在三层杨木胶合板中的应用。为了探究经活化还原处理后的碱木素与大豆蛋白共混制备生物质胶黏剂的工艺,以胶合板的胶合强度为性能指标.采用单因素实验,对漆酶加入量、碱木素,大豆蛋白共混比例、热压温度和热压时间等因素对其影响进行了研究。结果表明.最优工艺参数为:漆酶加入量为木质素的3/5,碱木素一大豆蛋白共混比例1:1,热压温度130℃,热压时间10 min,且此碱木素一大豆蛋白胶合体系的胶合强度达到并超过国家Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

封闭异氰酸酯改性脲醛树脂制备胶合板

采用亚硫酸氢钠封闭异氰酸酯改性UF树脂制备胶合板,研究了制板用混合胶液的比例、热压时间、热压温度等热压工艺对胶合板性能的影响,结果表明,在UF/PAPI=100/10、热压温度为110℃、热压时间为4min时,所制备胶合板的甲醛释放量达到国家标准,并且具有较高的胶合性能.     

胶合工艺对桉/杨Ⅰ类胶合板胶合强度的影响

按树和杨树是种植广泛的人工林树种之一,利用其制造结构胶合板意义大重.通过测定不同热压温度、时间、压力和涂胶量条件下,桉杨混合组坯结构胶合板的胶合强度,发现4个因子对胶合板的胶合强度均影响显著.本试验范围内,较优胶合工艺参数为:热压温度145℃、时间1.5 min/mm、压力0.8 MPa、涂胶量320 g/m2.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.