3个油用牡丹栽培品种的适应性分析

对‘凤丹’牡丹、‘香丹’牡丹和紫斑牡丹等3个油用牡丹品种在福建闽北地区的适应性进行比较试验,并对其植株性状、果实性状、产籽量及抗病性等进行调查分析。结果表明:‘凤丹’牡丹能适应引种地的气候和土壤条件,幼树长势良好,能正常开花结实,但丰产性表现一般、果实经济性状较好,在闽北高海拔地区可适量推广种植,以满足不同市场需求;‘香丹’牡丹幼树能正常开花结实,果实经济性状一般,丰产性较差,有待于进一步观察研究;紫斑牡丹品种表现较差,幼树能存活,但树体生长基本停滞,开花少,且不结实,不适宜在闽北地区推广种植。     

中国栽培牡丹起源的形态分析

本文认为在研究观赏植物起源时，应仔细区分物种的分类性状和因适应人类选择压力而强化的观赏性状，前者才是研究观赏植物起源的线索。基于此，本文重点观察了中国栽培牡丹在种级水平上的分类性状，略去花型、瓣形、重瓣性等观赏性状。结合已有的工作和历史文献，认为中国栽培牡丹起源于矮牡丹、紫斑牡丹、杨山牡丹、卵叶牡丹。‘凤丹’系列品种直接起源于杨山牡丹，少数传统西北品种直接起源于紫斑牡丹。中国栽培牡丹及其瓣基紫斑主要来源于杂交。     

油用‘保康紫斑’牡丹优良单株选择初报

以20个保康紫斑牡丹初选优株为试材,通过对其地径、株高、冠幅、单株产量、种子含油率等生长指标和结籽性状指标的测定及比较分析,初步筛选出9株生长及结实性状良好,含油率较高的优良单株,其单株结实量达到340~700 g、含油率达到27.76%~34.69%可作为油用牡丹优良品种选育的重要原始材料。     

菏泽牡丹引种温州光合特性研究

对菏泽地区的6个品种牡丹进行了引种,对其在不同栽培方式下的光合指标进行了研究。结果表明,无论是盆栽还是地栽,‘大棕紫’均表现出较高的净光合速率。‘鲁荷红’、‘大棕紫’、‘迎日红’、‘胜葛巾紫’4个品种盆栽牡丹净光合速率均低于地栽牡丹净光合速率,‘肉芙蓉’、‘十八号’2个品种盆栽牡丹净光合速率却均高于地栽牡丹净光合速率。通过对各光合指标综合分析,‘大棕紫’在引种栽培中表现最好。     

湖北中低海拔地区'保康紫斑'牡丹丰产栽培技术

保康紫斑牡丹是湖北省特有的野生牡丹类群,分布在海拔1 100～1 800 m之间,具有结实能力强、果荚大、结籽多、含油高等特点,但原生种植范围局限在高海拔山区,种植面积小,通过良种选育,选出暖湿性家系,采用与木本油料植物、园林观赏树种套种栽培技术,使保康紫斑牡丹在湖北省中低海拔地区能够正常生长,且表现形状良好。     

菏泽牡丹、洛阳牡丹与兰州紫斑牡丹在牡丹江市引种应用对比分析

牡丹是我国独有的特产花卉,有数千年的自然生长和人工栽培历史。多年来牡丹江市园林管理处分别引进菏泽牡丹、洛阳牡丹和兰州紫斑牡丹进行了引种栽培。本文主要从引种牡丹产地自然条件、成活状况及越冬防寒等方面对三产地牡丹进行观察、研究,为北方城市引种栽培牡丹提供一些实践经验。     

‘保康紫斑’牡丹播种育苗技术规范

<正>‘保康紫斑’牡丹Paeonia rockii ‘baokang’2014年被湖北省林木良种审定委员会认定为良种(良种编号:鄂R-SV-PS-003-2013),其主要特征:花白色,荷瓣,瓣内基部具宽卵状深紫黑色斑,盛花期直径22~26cm,心皮淡黄色,花药黄色,花丝白色或淡黄色,花期在保康地区多在四月,二回羽状复叶,小叶宽卵形,大多全缘,少数顶叶有2~3裂,每支复叶的小叶总数在19片或19片以     

陇中黄土丘陵区油用紫斑牡丹品种调查及选优

以甘肃定西市为研究区,在全面调查油用紫斑牡丹种质资源特征的基础上,通过试验栽培筛选出‘紫叶莲’‘粉金玉’‘昙花粉’和‘粉霞迎日’4个优良品种,为该区域油用紫斑牡丹产业化发展提供技术支撑。     

牡丹与芍药引种栽培

牡丹、芍药都是芍药科芍药属植物,牡丹是落叶灌木,芍药为多年生宿根草本植物,经过长期栽培,成为中国著名的观赏植物和药用(食用)植物。牡丹、芍药花形相似,花大而艳丽,是优美的园林花卉植物,深受人们的欢迎,因此在全国广大地区得到广泛栽培。我区栽培还不够广泛。随着人们生活的提高,生态环境的改善和旅游林业的发展,对牡丹、芍药的苗木和切花需求量逐年增多,因此我们开展了牡丹、芍药的引种、育种栽培工作。1牡丹引种和育种1.1引种引进了兰州紫斑牡丹和荷泽牡丹,在乌鲁木齐和玛纳斯地区立地条件下,生长良好。引种紫斑牡丹6大色系30个品种,…     

赤霉素处理对紫斑牡丹种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨赤霉素(GA_3)处理对紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,试验以紫斑牡丹为研究对象,设置不同浓度水平的赤霉素处理(0、100、200、300、400mg/L),测定分析紫斑牡丹种子首粒生根时间、生根率、主根长度等生根指标和幼苗的枝长、叶片数、叶宽和苗高等生长指标。结果表明:赤霉素对紫斑牡丹种子的生根有显著的促进作用,不同浓度处理首粒种子的生根时间均为35d,赤霉素浓度为300 mg/L时,生根率和主根长度均为最大,分别为83.04%、4.53cm,显著高于其他处理。不同浓度赤霉素对紫斑牡丹幼苗的生长也表现出显著地促进作用,其中赤霉素浓度为300mg/L时效果最好,幼苗的枝长为1.6cm,叶片数为3.4片,叶宽达到5.9cm,苗高达到7.3cm。综合分析表明,赤霉素处理对紫斑牡丹种子萌发和幼苗生长促进效果最好的浓度为300mg/L。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.