不同贮藏条件下锥栗花粉生活力研究

为了解决锥栗杂交育种中的花期不遇问题,以‘华栗4号’花粉为试材,研究了在室温和4、-20、-80℃这4个贮藏温度条件下干燥处理和非干燥处理对锥栗花粉生活力的影响情况。结果表明:在不同贮藏温度条件下‘华栗4号’的花粉生活力和耐贮藏能力不同;花粉适宜的贮藏条件为非干燥、低温环境。花粉生活力随贮藏时间的延长而下降,室温干燥条件下贮藏的花粉其生活力下降最快,贮藏27 d后花粉活力基本丧失;4℃的温度条件较利于花粉的短期贮藏,贮藏30 d后其萌发率仍为32.6%;而-20和-80℃的温度条件均较利于花粉的长期贮藏,且-80℃下贮藏的效果最佳,-80℃下贮藏270 d后花粉仍有一定的生活力,而在-20℃下贮藏210 d后花粉的生活力已基本丧失。     

白玉兰花粉生活力和贮藏性

以白玉兰新鲜花粉为试验材料,研究了α-萘酚-联苯胺、TTC、I_2-KI、次甲基蓝4种染色剂对白玉兰花粉活力的测定效果和在-20、4、25℃3种不同贮藏温度下花粉生活力的变化。结果表明:白玉兰花粉生活力的测定适合用次甲基蓝和α-萘酚-联苯胺染色法,不适合用TTC染色法;在-20、4、25℃3种不同温度下,白玉兰花粉生活力均呈下降趋势,但在-20℃环境中,生活力下降速度最慢,维持时间最长,更适宜花粉的保存。     

杜鹃红山茶花粉保存及其生活力测定

以5 a生盆栽杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗的花粉为试材,研究了不同培养基配方、不同培养时间对花粉发芽的作用,并探讨了不同保存条件和保存时间下花粉生活力的差异。结果表明：杜鹃红山茶花粉发芽率呈抛物线型,在2.5%琼脂＋10%蔗糖的培养基上发芽率最高,8 h的培养时间为杜鹃红山茶花粉发芽的最适观测时间,4℃和-20℃保存都是适合杜鹃红山茶花粉长期保存的条件,但4℃保存更具有实践意义。     

两种槭属植物花粉生活力测定

以金沙槭(Acer paxii Franch.)和三角枫(Acer buergerianum Miq.)为试验材料,蕾期采粉,并且采用TTC染色法和液体培养基离体萌发法对它们的新鲜花粉,室温条件下(25℃)和4℃冷藏条件下保存的两种花粉进行了生活力测定。结果表明:液体培养基中蔗糖浓度对花粉萌发具有明显影响,三角枫花粉的最佳萌发浓度为10%,而金沙槭花粉的最佳萌发浓度为15%;TTC染色法测定的花粉生活力比液体培养基离体萌发法测定的花粉生活力高;室温条件下(25℃)保存的金沙槭花粉4天后便失去了生活力,三角枫花粉6天后完全失去生活力;4℃低温保存条件下,金沙槭花粉的可贮藏时间较短,约40d后花粉便失去了生活力,而三角枫的花粉贮藏40d后的萌发率为31.37%。     

贴梗海棠花粉生活力的测定

以贴梗海棠初开花朵为试验材料,研究了TTC、碘-碘化钾2种染色剂测定花粉生活力的效果,离体培养时葡萄糖对花粉萌发的影响和3种不同温度(15、20、25℃)条件下的花粉萌发的变化规律,3种贮藏条件(常温、4℃、-23℃)对花粉贮藏的影响。结果表明:不同染色剂测定的花粉生活力差异显著,TTC染色法(76.26%)显著优于碘-碘化钾染色法(42.46%)。在一定范围内,培养基葡萄糖浓度和萌发温度提高能促进花粉的萌发,超出范围后抑制萌发。试验证明:最佳的葡萄糖浓度为10%,最佳的萌发温度为20℃。贮藏温度对花粉生活力的影响显著,其中最佳的贮藏条件是冷冻干燥,但综合考虑成本、便捷性等因素,实际应用中一般选择4℃。     

贮存温度及形态对甜樱桃花粉耐贮性的影响研究

以吉美、艳阳、先锋、雷尼、斯坦拉等5个甜樱桃品种为材料,采用花粉离体培养法、烘干法、蔗糖悬浮液法和果胶酶酶解法等研究了温度条件和花药形态对樱桃花粉贮存时间的影响,以及中、晚熟优质樱桃品种花粉的生活力、出粉量和含水量等指标,为甜樱桃杂交育种提供理论依据和生产实践提供参考。结果为吉美、艳阳等5个甜樱桃品种的花粉总含水量在39.65%～68.62%,在25℃烘箱内烘干24h后含水率降至4.98%～6.1%,此时5个品种花粉生活力均在40%以上。吉美、艳阳、先锋三个品种甜樱桃单药出粉量分别为2 120,1 952,2 711粒;单花出粉量均在60.0×103以上,以先锋最高为103.0×103;吉美、先锋单克花粉量高于50.0×106。吉美、艳阳、先锋三种甜樱桃花粉在4℃条件下贮存2.5个月仍可以保持10%以上的花粉生活力;在-20℃低温和-80℃超低温条件下可实现周年保存,且贮存效果相差不大,365d花粉生活力均可保持贮存前14%以上,-80℃下先锋花粉活力最高可达36.22%。长期贮存中以花药形态贮存的甜樱桃花粉表现出了更好的耐贮存性,低温可实现其周年保存,低温贮存时选择-20℃最佳。吉美、艳阳、先锋三个品种均适合作为花粉生产品种,以先锋最适宜。     

金花茶花粉贮藏特性

采用花粉离体培养法,研究不同含水量、贮藏温度对金花茶花粉生活力的影响。结果表明:花粉生活力随贮藏时间的延长而降低,随贮藏温度的降低而延长。在室温条件下,花粉干燥处理萌发率高于非干燥处理,室温非干燥条件下,花粉生活力下降最快,10 d左右基本丧失生活力;在4℃和-20℃低温条件下,贮藏一定时间的花粉活力仍可达50%以上。花粉最佳的贮藏条件为冷冻干燥(-20℃)。     

贮藏温度和时间对麻疯树花粉生活力的影响

为保证麻疯树杂交的正常开展,花粉贮藏和生活力测定是必需的.采用联苯胺染色法分析了麻疯树花粉在3种贮藏温度下,不同时间段的活力变化.结果表明:麻疯树盛开的花粉生活力可达93.4%;整体上花粉生活力随贮藏时间的增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;贮藏方法以冷冻(-24～-18℃)最佳,冷藏(0～4℃)次之,常温条件下花粉生活力下降最快,3种保存条件下花粉生活力存在明显差异.     

崇左金花茶花粉萌发及在不同贮藏条件下活力变化的研究

2015年7月,采集崇左金花茶Camellia chuangtsoensis S.Y.Liang et L.D.Huang花粉,分别置于室温25℃,4℃,-20℃和-80℃保存。采用离体液体培养基法筛选出最佳崇左金花茶花粉的萌发条件,在此基础上试验不同贮藏温度和不同贮藏时间对花粉萌发率的影响。结果表明,崇左金花茶花粉萌发的最适培养基为12%蔗糖+0.12%H3BO3。花粉-20℃条件下贮藏5个月时,花粉萌发率仍可达原来的(68.93%)25%;在-80℃条件下贮藏5个月时,花粉萌发率可达原来的32%,-80℃条件下保存的花粉其萌发率略高于-20℃。     

濒危植物大果青杄种子形态及萌发特性研究

对甘肃白龙江林区生长的濒危植物大果青杄种子的形态和萌发特性进行了研究,结果表明:不同海拔和不同年龄的大果青杄种子千粒质量、空壳率、含水量、生活力、长、宽及直径等差异显著。不同年龄树木种子形态和部分萌发指标之间存在多样性;而且树木年龄越大,空壳率随之减少,生活力减少的幅度更大。在常温(20℃)下,经蒸馏水浸种,浓硫酸催芽的种子的发芽率为0;而42年的大果青杄种子经200mg L-1赤霉素(GA 3)处理24h后,在14d内发芽率达到70%,且发芽整齐。大果青杄种子的休眠属综合休眠,且种皮透性并不是导致大果青杄种子休眠的主要原因。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.