缺苞箭竹竹笋—幼竹期生长节律研究

缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)是大熊猫喜食竹种之一,过去研究甚少。本文拟通过缺苞箭竹竹笋—幼竹期生长节律的研究,探论其生长过程中的某些规律,为大熊猫主食竹更新,复壮,造林,营建大熊猫食料基地提供理论依据。 本文共分四部分探讨缺苞箭竹竹笋—幼竹期的生长节律:1、年生长节律。幼龄竹表现最明显,在未达成竹之前,年高生长,径生长及重量生长均大于前一年。2、季节生长节律。在一年之中。不同季节生长节律不同。大体可分为四个阶段。延缓期在4月10日—6月10日。共62天。绝对生长率G=0.09;指数生长期在6月11日—8月26日。共77天。G=2.54;相对生长下降期在8月26日—9月23日,共28天。C=0.43。3、日生长节律。据观测,在竹笋—幼竹的生长季节里,夜间生长量略大于白天生长量,其出现频率为52％,夜间高生长量为0.63cm,白天高生长量为0.59cm。4、竹笋—幼竹生长与气候的关系。通过气温,相对湿度,幅射量,地温与竹笋生长量的定位观测资料,进行回归分析,发现温度因子是支配竹笋—幼竹生长的主导因素,这和实际情况相符合。     

密度对川西亚高山针叶林缺苞箭竹种群生物量、碳及养分贮量的影响

在缺苞箭竹-紫果云杉原始林下选取5个密度的缺苞箭竹,研究密度对缺苞箭竹生物量、C及养分贮量分配的影响.结果表明:在一个生长季中,缺苞箭竹生物量、净生产量、平均单株生物量、植物及土壤的C、养分贮量在(80±5～260±9)株·m-2密度范围内随密度的增大而增大,在高密度(310±15)株·m-2时有所降低,210～260株·m-2是缺苞箭竹最适密度范围.各密度缺苞箭竹养分元素贮量排序总体上均为K＞N＞Ca＞P＞Mg.在密度较低时,地下部分C及养分贮量分配比例相对较高,有利于其占据土壤空间资源,而随密度的增高,地上部分比例增高,有利于其占据地上空间资源,反映了缺苞箭竹随密度变化的克隆生长生态适应对策.在缺苞箭竹-土壤系统中,植物与土壤C库贮量比率随密度的增大逐渐升高,在高密度时有所降低.土壤5种主要全量养分库贮量较丰富.土壤速效N、K养分库在各密度之间差异不显著,而速效P库则随密度的增大而逐渐降低.表明土壤速效P库的不足是缺苞箭竹生长的主要限制因子.     

缺苞箭竹更新与生态因子关系的研究

通过对王朗自然保护区不同地段箭竹——冷云杉林下单位面积上缺苞箭竹生物量和其它16个生态因子的17块标准地的调查,以缺苞箭竹地上部分在单位面积上的生物量代表其更新质量作为因变量,其它生态因子作为自变量,采用逐步回归的方法进行计算筛选,其结果表明:影响缺苞箭竹更新的主要因子是林冠郁闲度,其次是地面活苔藓层厚度;更新质量与坡向存在显著相关关系.     

缺苞箭竹开花结实和自然更新观察

1983年以来,甘肃文县境内部分大熊猫受灾是因为缺苞箭竹Fargesia denudata Yi成片开花枯死。缺苞箭竹营养生长年限长达60年左右,所以观察它开花的机会是难得的。现将该竹开花结实和自然更新情况调查观察的结果作一简介。一、形态特征缺苞箭竹分布在甘肃文县、武都县南部及四川的青川、平武、北川等县,生长在海拨1950—3150米地段林下。地下茎合轴型,秆柄两端不等粗,实心,长4—13厘米,直径7—10毫     

王朗自然保护区引种竹笋：幼竹期异速生长规律的研究

本文以王朗1985年大熊猫主食竹类引种试验以来,筛选出的四个适应性最强的种:石棉玉山竹(Yushania lineolata)、青川箭竹(Fargesia rufa)、糙花箭竹(Fargesia scabrida)和冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)及本地缺苞剪竹(Fargesia denudata)作材料,研究了各竹种当年生笋、一年生幼竹和二年生成竹的秆、枝、叶、箨和单株间以及与竹笋——幼竹期高径(D~2H)生长间的异速生长常数K的变化规律,建立了数学模型,并对竹笋到一年生幼竹的各器官(组分)的K值进行相关性研究,探讨在竹笋——幼竹期K值的变化规律。另外还根据笋秆K_s值与缺苞箭竹比较,确定各竹种竹笋——幼竹期的长短及进入稳定加固期的时间,评价各竹种的适应性能力。结果表明:笋期秆异速生长最显著的是糙花箭竹,顺次为石棉玉山竹、青川箭竹和冷箭竹。一年生幼竹器官异迷生长缺苞箭竹向多枝性发展,青川箭竹枝与秆之间生长近似于线性关系,秆、枝、叶和单株间成均衡性生长,而石棉玉山竹、糙花箭竹和冷箭竹则向少枝大秆型发展。单株生物量累积速度的主要因子是叶的生长,其次是秆、枝。二年生成竹的K值出现明显的变化,各竹种经竹笋——幼竹期进入稳定加固期的时间是不同的,石棉玉山竹和青川箭竹一般为1—2年,糙花箭竹和冷箭竹约为2—3年。竹笋——幼竹期K值因种和不同生长年龄而发生变化。笋期(秆、单株)生长速度与其笋成竹的秆、枝、叶和单株K值成负相关,但是笋期异速生长越快,则竹笋——幼竹期越长,进入稳定加固期较晚。对于可塑性强, 较为敏感的竹笋——幼竹来说,时间经历越长,对环境的生态适应能力将会变大。生产实践中,可用笋期秆异速生长常数K_s的大小来确定各竹种其笋进入幼竹和成年稳定后的适应能力及适应程度。表中的数字模型可用来预测生物量。     

王朗引种区大熊猫主食竹生长发育规律的研究

本文对平武王朗自然保护区引种大熊猫主食竹生育规律进行了研究。选用引种3年后生长表现较好的糙花箭竹(Fargesia scabrida)、石棉玉山竹(Yushania lineolata)、冷箭竹(Bashania fangina)、青川箭竹(F.rufa)4个竹种生长量与本地缺苞箭竹(F.denudata)作对比。通过生长过程的数学模拟和多元变量分析,探明5个竹种竹笋—幼竹期生长节律,日生长率及其生长与气象因子的关系。结果表明:引种的4个竹种都能适应本区条件,但在生长量上存在着种间差异。发笋多、生长快、长势好的竹种是糙花箭竹、冷箭竹和石棉玉山竹。影响竹种高生长的主要因素是热量因子。     

缺苞箭竹生物学物侯学特征的初步研究

本文通过对四川王朗自然保护区缺苞箭竹研究分析表明：１．缺苞箭竹生长受热量因素的制约，具有与温度变化同步趋势；２．缺苞箭竹地下茎为合轴型，其分蘖生长具有同期分蘖效应的特点及按序分蘖特征；３．缺苞箭竹物候期除自身生物特征（遗传特性）表现外，环境因素也直接或间接地起一定作用；４．缺苞箭竹物候期随海拔的变化，系统发育年龄的变化，其始日、终日、长短也有差异；５．按海拔梯度绘制的物候谱，在主食竹造林时间的选择、森林生态系统研究和森林经营等方面，具有重要的应用价值。     

缺苞箭竹生物学物候学特征的初步研究

本文通过四川王朗自然保护区缺苞箭竹研究分析表明：１．缺苞箭竹生长受势量因素的制约，具有与温度变化同步趋势；２．缺苞箭竹地下茎为合轴型，其分蘖生长具有同期分蘖效应的特点及按序分蘖特征；３．缺苞箭竹物候期除自身生物特征（遗传特性）表现外，环境因素也直接或间接地起一定作用；４．缺苞箭竹物候期随海拔的变化，系统发育年龄的变化，其始日、终日、长短也有差异；５．按海拔梯度绘制的物候谱，在主食竹造林时间的选择、     

甘肃白龙江阿夏自然保护区大熊猫主食竹的分布格局

甘肃省是中国大熊猫的3个分布省份之一,阿夏自然保护区是甘肃省大熊猫主要栖息地之一,分布有缺苞箭竹和华西箭竹。缺苞箭竹在其分布地区内为大熊猫最主要的食用竹种,在旺藏保护站管辖区域分布最广,在海拔2 600～3 000 m分布最为集中。华西箭竹在洛大保护站和旺藏保护站管辖区域分布较多,在海拔2 400～2 800 m分布最为集中。旺藏保护站辖区海拔跨度较大,是最适宜大熊猫生存的区域,四季均适宜大熊猫生存;而达拉保护站和阿夏保护站辖区更适宜大熊猫夏季生存;洛大保护站辖区适宜大熊猫冬季生存。阿夏保护区曾经历长期皆伐,森林破坏严重,缺苞箭竹也曾大面积开花,严重影响大熊猫的食物来源和栖息地环境,因此需要高度关注林下缺苞箭竹和华西箭竹的生长和恢复状况。     

缺苞箭竹的繁殖和生长

本文调查分析了缺苞箭竹的繁殖和生长特性,初步认为:缺苞箭竹的繁殖力较强。在其开花迹地上,竹林的更新复壮,应以天然更新为主。天然更新的竹苗,12年即可生长发育成郁闭稳定的幼林。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.