花卉大棚土壤积盐规律的研究

在对寿光市花卉大棚土壤进行取样分析测定的基础上 ,通过对大棚栽培条件的积盐分析 ,进一步对大棚积盐规律、土壤内可溶性的盐分组成进行了分析     

不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤次生盐渍化发生机理的研究

对不同种植年限的蔬菜大棚、露天菜地和一般农田土壤耕层可溶性盐分进行了分析测定。结果表明:大棚菜地土壤盐分含量0．48-1．15 g／kg,平均为1．06 g／kg,比相邻农田增加253．3％,表明大棚菜地土壤有盐渍化,随着大棚使用年限的延长土壤盐分含量增加。且主要是Cl-、NO3-含量增加。     

典型填海区绿地土壤含盐量与盐基离子通径分析及回归模型建立

以深圳市前海75个绿地土壤为研究对象,通过通径分析和回归分析等统计手段,探讨了典型填海区绿地土壤电导率和可溶性盐分含量的实质及指示意义。结果表明:在深圳市填海区绿地土壤中,除HCO3-离子外,电导率、可溶性盐分和其余盐基离子之间均存在显著或极显著正相关关系。同时,Na+、Cl-和SO24-对电导率和可溶性盐分含量影响显著,均表现为正效应。HCO3-对电导率和可溶性盐分含量的影响未达到显著水平,表现为直接负效应,但这种负效应由其他盐基离子的间接正效应抵消,使得其与电导率和可溶性盐分含量之间存在微弱的正相关性。此外,填海区绿地土壤电导率与Na+、Cl-、SO24-和HCO3-离子间均存在显著的定量关系,表明通过测定电导率可用来估算本区域的可溶性盐分含量。     

黑龙江省东部山地沼泽湿地土壤化学性质研究

对东部山地沼泽湿地土壤化学性质的研究结果表明:(1)3个区域沼泽湿地土壤有机质变异系数大小排序为张广才岭老爷岭完达山,其中张广才岭和老爷岭的变异系数较完达山高,说明其受人类活动因素影响较大;(2)土壤全N含量排序为张广才岭老爷岭完达山,因土壤全N变异系数均大于10%,说明3个区域均存在中等程度的空间差异性;(3)土壤Hg含量排序为老爷岭张广才岭完达山,Pb和Cr含量排序均为张广才岭老爷岭完达山,说明3个区域均不同程度的受到重金属污染;(4)土壤可溶性盐分变异系数大小排序均为张广才岭老爷岭完达山,这表明张广才岭地区可溶性盐分对湿地植被影响较大。     

南皮乌马营试区土壤养分与盐分状况分析

为了扩大农林资源，加快盐渍土利用改良和农林生产步伐，探明盐渍土壤中的养分及盐基组成状况十分必要。对南皮土壤进行采样分析，结果表明：该区土壤有机质及氮、磷、钾含量较少，盐分含量较高，土壤肥力水平偏低，不利于植物的正常生长；土壤养分、总盐分与各种盐基离子在土体中的分布具有明显的表层积聚特点。     

不同滴灌处理下沙棘林内土壤盐分变化研究

为了研究滴灌措施下干旱地区防护林内土壤盐分的变化情况,选择建平地区常见的荒山绿化树种——沙棘作为研究对象,开展了滴灌与不滴灌、不同滴灌年限处理下的土壤盐分含量研究,结果表明,滴灌处理可以明显降低浅层土壤中的盐分含量,不灌溉林地处理下土壤盐分变化情况与流动沙丘的对照处理趋于一致,但是后者盐分空间分布的异质性程度更强;滴灌后1~3年,随着年限的增加,同土层中盐分含量逐渐降低,根系生物量干重逐渐增加,且根系分布情况上移,主要集中在0~60 cm的土层中。由此可知,滴灌对浅层土的洗盐效果较好,但是滴灌时间长了根系有向浅层土层集中的趋势,建议每年大水漫灌1次,以有利于根系的下扎。     

浅谈苏北沿海造林的几个土壤问题

江苏省北部沿海造林的土壤问题,主要是土壤盐分及其他性状、地下水以及黄化问题。这里分别就这三方面淡谈个人的看法。 一、土壤盐分及其他性状问题 江苏省北部海滨海冲积平原是由黄河,淮河和长江的冲积物,在海水岸流作用下沉积而成,因此最初的土壤都含有大量可溶性盐类,属于滨海盐土类。这些土壤中的盐分,以氯化钠为主,还有钾、钙、镁等阳离子,硫酸根阴离子以及少量的重碳酸根阴离子。当土壤全盐量(以焙干残渣表示)在0.2％以上时,氯化钠约占全部盐分的80％;当全盐量     

陕北不同恢复年限中国沙棘人工林土壤可溶性氮组分时空变化研究

[目的]探究陕北黄土丘陵区退耕还林后不同林龄中国沙棘林可溶性氮组分累积的季节变化和垂直分布规律，为深入研究该区域不同恢复年限中国沙棘林的退耕效果评价和土壤氮库管理提供理论依据。[方法]以志丹县金丁镇不同恢复年限（5、15、20 a）中国沙棘人工林为研究对象，以荒草地为对照，采集0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土壤样品，分析土壤可溶性氮组分含量和比例的季节动态变化及土壤垂直分布的动态变化。[结果]随着恢复年限的延长，中国沙棘人工林均增加了土壤可溶性氮组分含量，对于土壤硝态氮和可溶性有机氮（SON）而言，20 a与5 a中国沙棘人工林间差异显著，荒草地与5 a中国沙棘林间无显著差异；土壤铵态氮在不同恢复年限间差异不显著。不同恢复年限中国沙棘林土壤硝态氮和SON变化趋势一致，均为20a中国沙棘林>15 a中国沙棘林>荒草地>5 a中国沙棘林，且均呈表聚现象。土壤铵态氮含量大小关系为15a中国沙棘林>20 a中国沙棘林>5 a中国沙棘林>荒草地，表层的铵态氮平均含量最低。土壤可溶性氮组分在不同土层间均差异不显著。土壤硝态氮表现为夏季最高，冬季或秋季最低...     

不同结构防护林土壤水分的特征分析

基于对和田绿洲不同结构防护林土壤理化性质的测定结果,分析了不同结构防护林土壤水分的分布特征,并讨论了土壤水分与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,防护林土壤水分具有规律性分布特征,即从防护林西南方向到东北方向,土壤的相对含水率呈增大趋势,且不同结构防护林土壤相对含水率大小各异。防护林土壤水分与土壤热容量呈显著的线性(R2=0.990 3)正相关,与土壤全盐含量呈一定的梯度分布。不同结构防护林土壤水溶性盐分的空间变化明显,防护林土壤有一定的积盐特征,土壤全盐含量已从2008年的0.444 g.kg-1变为2009年的10.332 g.kg-1。     

国家广电总局呼和浩特地球站盐碱地绿化及治理措施

国家广电总局呼和浩特地球站位于呼和浩特市南郊,土壤是典型盐土类型.呼和浩特市盐土主要分布于土默特平原地下1~1.5m的地方,如市郊区的桃花、八拜、章盖营、小黑河等乡,即属此类。呼和浩特市地区盐土组成的化学类型多种多样,主要类型为硫酸盐氧化物、苏打盐土和苏打氯化物等。表层特别是在0~5 cm内是盐分聚积的地方,含盐量高。盐分随土壤割面加深而明显下降。盐渍化土及盐土不仅含有可溶性盐,特别是含有苏打,使土壤理化性状变坏,板结成块,而且较强的碱性严重抑制作物生长。如何进行对盐碱土的综合治理便成为园林工程中需要解决的问题。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.