基于利益相关者的土地利用规划优化模式研究

叙述了土地利用规划利益相关者的定义,目前我国土地利用规划中存在的利益相关者包括:国务院及土地主管部门、省(区)市土地管理部门、县级土地管理部门、县级其他行政部门、规划团队、公众等,并分析了他们之间的关系.提出了目前我国土地利用规划中存在的问题,给出了构建土地利用规划的优化模式及措施.     

湿地公园发展中利益相关者的冲突与协作——以香港湿地公园为例

以香港湿地公园为例,在可持续发展的视角下,探讨在管理与发展香港湿地公园中所涉及的利益相关者包括访客、土地所有者、本地居民、政府等。通过文献回顾、资料分析及实地观察,揭示利益相关者间存在的矛盾如使用者之间冲突、利益冲突等。湿地公园发展中利益相关者的协作方式是通过绿色团体、非政府组织的介入,以及鼓励本地居民参与,减少不同利益主体的冲突。     

家居企业社会责任行为内容及影响因素研究

如今家居企业被期望为多个利益相关者创造长期价值,并对社会、环境和经济发展给予同等的关注,要求其积极承担企业的社会责任（CSR）。通过对35家家居行业上市公司披露的社会责任报告进行质性分析,构建了该类企业社会责任行为内容体系,利用非参数检验验证了细分领域和总资产对企业社会责任行为的影响,得出以下结论：1）越来越多的企业意识到了承担社会责任的重要性,发布社会责任报告的企业数量在逐年增加;2）员工、股东、环境三大利益相关者是企业主要的负责对象,而对政府、社会、供应链等利益相关者关注较少;3）细分领域不同,企业在环境类社会责任水平上存在显著差异;而总资产不同,企业的客户类社会责任水平则存在显著差异。     

国内生态旅游利益相关者研究综述

对国内相关论文的梳理发现,生态旅游利益相关者的研究主要集中在6个方面:1生态旅游利益相关者的界定;2生态旅游利益相关者的层次划分;3生态旅游利益相关者的利益诉求和要求分析;4生态旅游利益相关者之间的关系研究;5生态旅游的社区参与研究;6生态旅游利益相关者方面存在的问题与对策研究。国内对生态旅游利益相关者的研究已经取得了一些重要成就,但同时也存在一些突出问题需要继续研究和解决。     

预防性环境群体性纠纷的成因与解决途径浅论

指出了预防性环境群体性纠纷,是指因公众反对将来可能造成污染的建设项目而产生的群体性纠纷。预防性环境群体性纠纷与反应性环境群体性纠纷在解决途径、侧重点、难点等方面存在不同,因此应当分别加以研究并提出对策。预防性环境群体性纠纷产生的原因包括实体原因和程序原因。其解决对策包括:平衡公众、政府、企业三者的经济利益与环境利益;完善环境影响评价制度中的公众参与程序;在环境行政诉讼中引入公益诉讼制度。     

自然保护区的可持续旅游发展与生态管理——评《基于生态价值共创的自然保护区利益相关者管理研究》

正生态旅游在自然保护区领域不断发展,大规模生态旅游开发与游客的出现使得自然保护区在获得一定经济利益的同时,也面临着相关利益群体的诉求与矛盾。在此环境下自然保护区开展可持续旅游发展与生态管理,且解决自然保护区利益相关者的利益矛盾显得尤为重要。由刘静艳等编著、科学出版社2019年出版的《基于生态价值共创的自然保护区利益相关者管理研究》(ISBN:9787030598424,定价95. 00元)一书,针     

自然保护区林业资源利用方式的最优选择——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

自然保护区最大的问题在于农户发展与生态保护之间的冲突,而选择保护区林业资源利用的最优方式是缓解该冲突的重要途径,通过对卧龙保护区林业资源利用利益相关者的访谈,利用参与式情境的研究方法,进而总结出利益相关者选择的最优林业资源利用方式,并系统阐述了引入行为偏好的多属性决策理论,通过该理论丰富了选择结果的可行性与合理性。林业资源利用最优方式表明,利益相关者更偏向于经济主导式的林业资源利用方式,即通过合理利用保护区林业资源、提供相关政府扶持政策、发展林业产业和带动生态旅游等第三产业发展这四个方面,作为当地农户林业资源利用未来发展方式的重要途径,并由此提供了相应的建议与改进方式。     

自然保护区林业资源利用方式的最优选择 ——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

自然保护区最大的问题在于农户发展与生态保护之间的冲突，而选择保护区林业资源利用的最优方式是缓解该冲突的重要途径，通过对卧龙保护区林业资源利用利益相关者的访谈，利用参与式情境的研究方法，进而总结出利益相关者选择的最优林业资源利用方式，并系统阐述了引入行为偏好的多属性决策理论，通过该理论丰富了选择结果的可行性与合理性。林业资源利用最优方式表明，利益相关者更偏向于经济主导式的林业资源利用方式，即通过合理利用保护区林业资源、提供相关政府扶持政策、发展林业产业和带动生态旅游等第三产业发展这四个方面，作为当地农户林业资源利用未来发展方式的重要途径，并由此提供了相应的建议与改进方式。     

三江源国家公园利益相关者利益协调机制构建

三江源国家公园作为我国首个国家公园体制试点,在管理体制、经营模式和生态保护方面进行了较多的探索与实践并取得了一定的成效,但因其涉及的利益相关者数量较多且关系复杂,难免会出现利益矛盾和冲突,而协调好各利益方的关系将成为其发展是否成功的关键。因此,文章在分析三江源国家公园利益相关者构成和其利益诉求共性与差异点的基础上,总结了其在利益相关者协调方面的现状和问题,提出增强各利益方之间沟通和协调的利益表达与协商、分配与补偿、监督与反馈、保障与激励4个方面的具体建议,这必将有助于实现三江源国家公园利益相关者的关系协调并最终实现多方利益的共赢。     

云南省自然保护区资源保护与利用冲突问题的法律研究

云南省内自然保护区资源保护与利用中存在的冲突,其在表征上是我国自然保护区法律规范之间存在冲突,内在实质是由于经济发展与环境生态之间、不同利益主体发展权之间以及现代生产生活方式与传统文化与知识之间的冲突.在现代法治社会中,正确认知与解决上述冲突需要完善相关法律指引,尤需对现有立法和行政理念进行修正,应以保护环境、维护生物多样性之完整为出发点,尊重本地社区的参与和发展等权利,实现自然资源的合理利用.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.