湿地松与马尾松人工林木材物理力学性质的比较研究

通过对湿地松和马尾松人工林木材物理力学性质的测定和比较分析,结果表明:湿地松人工林木材密度、干缩系数和除冲击韧性以外的力学强度均稍大于马尾松人工林木材,而冲击韧性则恰恰相反.经差异显著性t检验表明:湿地松和马尾松木材物理力学性质指标中顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、弦面顺纹抗剪强度和冲击韧性差异极显著,气干密度、基本密度、径面顺纹抗剪强度和端面硬度差异显著,除此之外的其余指标差异不显著.     

四川盆周山地3种珍贵阔叶用材树种木材物理力学性质研究

桢楠、红椿、香樟是四川盆周山地珍贵的乡土阔叶用材树种。对这3个树种林木木材物理力学性质的测定分析表明,94年生的桢楠林木木材基本密度达到0.52 g.cm-3,10年生的红椿林木木材的基本密度为0.43g.cm-3,26年生的香樟林木的木材基本密度为0.41 g.cm-3。桢楠、红椿、香樟林木木材的综合强度分别为151.8 Mpa(中等)、113.8 Mpa(低)和87.3 Mpa(低)。桢楠、红椿、香樟林木木材的顺纹抗压强度和抗弯强度的强重比总和分别为2 919(高级)、2 647(高级)和2 129(中级)。综合评价3个树种林木木材的物理力学性质,94年生的桢楠林木木材材质最优,其次为10年生的红椿林木,再其次为26年生的香樟林木。     

人工林杉木和杨树木材物理力学性质的株内变异研究

按照中国国家标准研究杉木和I-214杨树木材的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度,同时按照日本国家标准研究2个树种的顺纹抗剪强度.结果表明:杉木的抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度由胸高直径处向上呈波浪形增加,抗弯弹性模量则稳定降低,但不同高度间杉木的物理力学性质没有显著差异;近树皮处木材的物理力学性质高于近髓心处木材,并有极显著差异.对于I-214杨树,只有抗弯弹性模量从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,其他的物理力学性质,最小值在从髓心到树皮的过渡区,最大值在近树皮处,从髓心到树皮,杨树的物理力学性质有极显著的差异.杉木和杨树的径面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮有极显著差异,并且近树皮的高于近髓心的木材,而弦面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮没有显著差异.木材密度与力学性质有很好的线性相关关系,木材密度是一个很好的力学强度的预测手段.     

不同品系美国黑核桃木材物理力学性质的差异

【目的】研究对比不同品系核桃木材之间物理力学性质的差异,为木材的合理利用及优质木材的定向培育提供参考。【方法】以采自河南省洛阳市洛宁县东关村的23年生美国黑核桃比尔、拉兹、皮纳、哈尔、莎切尔、北加州、奇异、大果、帕米尔20号和奥奇1号共10个品系的木材为研究对象,按照国家标准测量其气干密度、全干密度、气干干缩率、全干干缩率、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、硬度(径面硬度、端面硬度和弦面硬度)10个性状,运用Excel,SPSS Statistics,Origin 7.5等软件进行不同品系间的数据统计、方差分析及绘图比较。【结果】10个品系美国黑核桃木材的气干密度、全干密度、气干差异干缩、全干差异干缩、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、硬度(径面硬度、端面硬度和弦面硬度)的测量值范围分别为0.613～0.754 g·cm~(-3),0.575～0.708 g·cm~(-3),1.4～1.8,1.5～2.4,30.8～37.1 MPa,86.5～123.7 MPa,9.63～16.13 GPa,4 880～7 120 N,5 720～8 030 N,4 920～7 270 N;相应最大值分别为哈尔(0.754 g·cm~(-3))、哈尔(0.708 g·cm~(-3))、北加州(1.8)、北加州(2.4)、奥奇1号(37.1 MPa)、奥奇1号(123.7 MPa)、奥奇1号(16.13 GPa)、哈尔(7 120 N)、哈尔(8 030 N)、莎切尔(7 270N),最小值分别为北加州(0.613 g·cm~(-3))、北加州(0.575 g·cm~(-3))、皮纳(1.4)、皮纳(1.5)、大果(30.8 MPa)、北加州(86.5 MPa)、大果(9.63 GPa)、比尔(4 880 N)、拉兹(5 720 N)、比尔(4 920 N)。【结论】美国黑核桃木材的物理力学性质中气干密度、全干密度、弦向全干干缩率和差异干缩4项指标在不同品系间存在显著差异,而径向干缩率以及体积干缩率在气干和全干条件下差异均不显著;不同品系间顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和硬度(径面硬度、端面硬度、弦面硬度)均存在显著差异。引种黑核桃木材物理力学性质与原产地黑核桃木材相比整体差异不大,且高于同产地的核桃楸和核桃2种常用的家具用材,所以10个品系的美国黑核桃木材物理力学性质较好,可作为家具用材使用。10个品系美国黑核桃木材中奥奇1号和哈尔材性优于其他品系,而皮纳的尺寸稳定性最好。     

人工林米老排木材的物理力学性质

对23年生人工林米老排木材物理力学性质进行了测定和分析.结果表明:木材气干密度、全干密度和基本密度分别为0.577 g/cm3,0.554 g/cm3,0.463 g/cm3,属中等级别.木材全干差异干缩和气干差异干缩分别为1.963和2.442,弦向和径向干缩湿胀差异较大;木材端面、弦面和径面的硬度分别为5 717.0 N,3 963.7 N和3 822.8 N,弦面和径面的抗劈力分别为16和14 N/mm,弦面和径面的顺纹抗剪强度分别为11.6 MPa和11.3 MPa,抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量分别为132.3 MPa和13 092 MPa,冲击韧性为62.5 kJ/m2,顺纹抗压强度为48.7 MPa;木材综合品质系数为3 909×105Pa,品质系数非常高,属高等级材.     

慈竹材物理力学性质研究

对四川江油1～3年生慈竹材主要物理力学性质进行了测定与分析,结果显示:竹材气千密度,全干密度,基本密度,顺纹抗压强度,顺纹抗剪强度随竹龄和竹秆高度的增加而增加:径、弦向全干缩率随竹龄和竹秆高度的增加而减小:径向全千缩率大于弦向:竹壁厚度随竹龄的增加而增厚,随竹秆高度的增加而减小.方差分析表明,竹材全干密度,基本密度,径、弦向全干缩率,顺纹抗压强度随竹龄变化在0.001水平显著;全千密度,竹壁厚度,顺纹抗剪强度随竹秆高度变化在0.001水平显著.     

青海云杉木材物理力学性质试验研究

本文在木材物理力学试验的基础上,研究了青海云杉木材的12种常规物理力学性质,并对个别径、弦平均数进行差异显著性检验,结果表明,青海云杉木材密度轻、干缩小、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、端面硬度很低,抗弯弹性模量和冲击韧性中等,顺纹抗剪强度低,从而为祁连山水源涵养林的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

沙柳材物理力学性能及其测试方法的研究

目前小径材物理力学性能的测试还没有相应的国家标准,通过对沙柳材的物理力学性质的测试以探讨灌木的测试方法.试验结果表明:沙柳生材的含水率为62.7％;径向全干缩率6.1％,弦向全干缩率10.4％,体积全干缩率17.86％;基本密度0.497g/cm3,气干密度为0,675g/cm3,属于中级;顺纹抗压强度为76.74MPa,属于高级;顺纹抗剪强度为8.35MPa;抗弯强度为126.6MPa,高于木材平均值;硬度2 086.5N;抗劈力14.08N/mm.     

进口辐射松木材物理与力学性能评价

参照国家标准,对我国木材市场典型的进口针叶树木材——辐射松进行物理性能和力学性能的研究。结果表明,辐射松木材气干密度较低,径向干缩率与湿胀率均小于弦向,径向尺寸稳定性优于弦向;端面硬度弦面硬度径面硬度;抗弯强度等级为中,弹性模量、顺纹抗剪强度、顺纹抗压强度、冲击韧性等级为低。在实际应用时需充分考虑其材质特点,适材适用。     

15年生香樟人工林木材物理力学性质研究

以15年生香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林木材为研究对象,测定其物理力学性质,为其加工利用提供参考。结果表明,香樟人工林木材的气干密度、基本密度和绝干密度分别为0.51、0.41和0.48 g/cm^3,气干密度属于Ⅱ级;差异干缩属于中等,尺寸稳定性相对较差;端面硬度2909 N、弦面硬度2353 N、径面硬度2403 N,属于Ⅱ级,硬度偏小;顺纹抗压强度为33.4 MPa,属于Ⅱ级;抗弯强度为79 MPa,属于Ⅱ级;抗弯弹性模量为1.25 GPa,属于Ⅲ级,弹性相对较好;冲击韧性为53 kJ/m^2,属于中等;综合强度为112.4 MPa,属于中等;品质系数为274 MPa,品质系数高。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.