基于多角度融合的CHRIS数据提取湿地植被的研究

[目的]利用多角度高光谱数据,分析不同角度下东洞庭湖湿地典型植被群落的光谱特征,确定多角度信息融合的最佳方法,并对融合影像进行湿地植被类型精细识别。[方法]使用CHRIS多角度高光谱数据,针对洞庭湖湿地植被的光谱特征,研究计算窄波段NDVI的最佳波段组合和角度,评价CHRIS 0°影像与NDVI的像素级融合方法,进而对洞庭湖地区湿地植被进行提取。[结果]计算NDVI的最佳红波段和近红外波段分别位于667.6 nm和926.95 nm,对应于CHRIS数据的第24波段和第55波段;选取HSV、Brovery、Gram-Schmidt和PCA 4种融合方法进行融合,发现PCA融合图像的光谱信息丢失最少、纹理细节更丰富,信息量最大;PCA融合影像的总体精度为81.36%,比单角度影像提高7.93%,Kappa系数提高0.097 6,且苔草的漏分误差和泥蒿的错分误差得到明显改善。[结论]基于NDVI的多角度信息融合是提高湿地植被识别精度的一种有效途径,多角度信息融合丰富了地物的信息量,提高地物识别精度。     

基于随机森林算法构建Hyperion影像云和云阴影掩模

遥感数据的判读应用不可避免地要受到云和云阴影的干扰,这导致影像中地物信息不完整,给后续影像解译和处理带来障碍。采用最佳波段指数方法筛选出经过预处理的Hyperion高光谱影像最佳波段组合,达到波段去相关、信息含量最大并减少运算量的目的。基于不同地物类型的光谱曲线,采用随机森林算法提取Hyperion影像中云和云阴影信息,建立相应的掩模。研究结果表明,基于经验阈值的决策树分类精度达96.36%,随机森林算法的分类精度达98.86%,Kappa系数为0.951 2,具有更好的分类效果。利用随机森林算法建立高光谱影像云和云阴影掩模,由于随机森林算法是建立在多个决策树分类器结果基础上,避免了单一决策树分类器带来的误分类现象,较好地去除了云和云阴影对遥感解译的影响。     

基于K-T变换和主成分变换的植被信息提取

WorldView-2能够提供1个0.5 m全色波段和8个1.8 m分辨率的多光谱波段,为用户提供进行精确变化检测和制图的能力。本研究以深圳市植被为例,采用WorldView-2高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,进行缨帽变换及主成分分析处理,利用决策树分类模型进行提取。结果表明:WorldView-2影像经过缨帽变换及主成分分析处理后,能够明显增强影像的纹理信息,突出地物特征,并以各地物在经过缨帽变换及主成分分析处理之后的灰度值作为决策树分类的阈值,分类的总体精度、Kappa系数分别为89.26%、0.87,与以往的只利用波段的灰度值及植被指数等作为阈值相比,精度明显提高,方法也得到改善,得到了比较好的分类结果。     

结合光学与雷达影像多特征的热带典型人工林树种精细识别

【目的】结合Sentinel-2光谱特征、纹理特征和Sentinel-1雷达后向散射特征,开展光学与雷达影像协同人工林树种分类研究,评价不同数据源和不同特征在树种分类中的作用,获取最优分类策略,为热带典型人工林树种精细识别提供新的技术途径。【方法】获取Sentinel-2光学影像43个光谱特征,将优选的Sentinel-2光谱特征与Sentinel-2纹理特征、Sentinel-1雷达后向散射特征组合,采用随机森林分类算法对研究区橡胶林、油棕林和桉树林进行精细提取,并评价不同特征对人工林树种识别的贡献。【结果】1)选择重要性排名前17的Sentinel-2光谱特征参与分类时,OOB score达最高值0.947 2,其中Sentinel-2的蓝波段、红边和近红外波段及其相应的植被指数在树种识别中重要性较高; 2) Sentinel-2纹理特征和Sentinel-1雷达后向散射特征对于不同树种均具有一定差异性,可作为树种分类的有效特征; 3)仅利用Sentinel-2光谱特征对橡胶林、油棕林和桉树林的区分度有限,生产者精度和用户精度的调和平均值(F1)分别为0.70、0.74和0.61;结合光谱特征、纹理特征和后向散射特征,3种人工林的分类精度达到最高,F1均大于0.80,同时其他地物的分类精度也有较大提高,总体分类精度为0.85,Kappa系数为0.83。【结论】Sentinel-2光学影像的光谱特征是树种识别的重要基础,Sentinel-2光学影像派生的纹理特征及由Sentinel-1雷达影像提取的后向散射特征可为不同人工林树种识别提供有益补充。考虑到Sentinel-2和Sentinel-1较高的时间分辨率和空间分辨率,同时结合其光谱特征、纹理特征和后向散射特征对热带典型人工林树种进行精细识别具有极大潜力。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像多维度特征的树种识别方法研究

以北京市西山试验林场为研究区域,利用Worldview—2影像构建各树种的光谱特征、地形特征、植被指数特征、纹理特征以及形态特征,建立关于山地森林树种识别的知识。采用基于像元和面向对象的方法进行树种识别分类。在基于像元的分类方法中,选择决策树分类和支持向量机分类;在面向对象的分类方法中,选择基于边缘检测的方法分割影像,用最近邻法分类。决策树分类的总体分类精度为65.62%,Kappa系数为0.588 9;支持向量机分类的总体分类精度为62.42%,Kappa系数为0.552 8;面向对象的分类方法总体分类精度为64.27%,Kappa系数为0.580 2。     

基于高分一号影像光谱指数识别火烧迹地的决策树方法

森林火灾发生后,为及时、准确地掌握森林受灾情况,利用高分一号卫星(GF-1)16m宽幅影像各波段反射率信息,结合计算的归一化植被指数(NDVI)、过火区识别指数(BAI)、阴影植被指数(SVI)、归一化差异水体指数(NDWI)和全球环境监测指数(GEMI)等5种光谱指数,构建森林火烧迹地识别决策树模型(CART);在选取的研究区对该模型方法进行验证,并与最大似然监督分类法和非监督分类(ISODATA)方法所得到的结果精度进行了对比分析,结果表明:采用基于CART模型的决策树方法对火烧迹地识别结果精度较最大似然法总体分类精度提高了4.38%,Kappa系数提高了0.102 4,制图精度提高了14.96%,用户精度提高了8.50%;而采用ISODATA方法识别的火烧迹地的总体精度和Kappa系数都较低,制图精度和用户精度都没有达到1%。     

机载LiDAR和高光谱融合实现普洱山区树种分类

[目的]通过机载遥感影像对普洱山区进行植被分类研究,为山区森林经营规划与可持续经营方案的制图提供高效应用途径。[方法]将2014年4月航拍的机载AISA Eagle II高光谱和Li DAR同步数据融合,利用点云数据提取的数字冠层高度模型(CHM)得到树种的垂直结构信息,结合经过主成分分析(PCA)的高光谱降维影像,选用支持向量机(SVM)分类器进行分类。[结果]普洱市万掌山实验区主要树种分为思茅松、西南桦、刺栲、木荷等。融合影像数据分类的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为80.54%、0.78,比单一高光谱影像数据分类精度分别提高6.55%、0.08,其中主要经营树种思茅松的制图精度达到了90.24%。[结论]该方法对山区主要树种的识别是有效的,将机载Li DAR与高光谱影像融合可以有效改善分类精度。     

高分辨率多光谱遥感影像森林类型分类深度U-net优化方法

[目的]使用深度学习全卷积神经网络U-net的自动特征提取,有效地改善遥感目标识别及地物分类的效果。[方法]以内蒙古自治区赤峰市旺业甸林场为研究区,主要数据源包括GF-2多光谱数据、ZY-3 DOM数据、ZY-3DEM数据、小班数据以及外业实地调查数据等。借鉴前人对FCN-8s模型的优化思路,基于Unet网络模型,在模型训练过程中通过在原始波段的基础上加入标准归一化植被指数(NDVI)构建网络,并增加条件随机场后处理过程,得到最终的分类结果。[结果]表明:(1)优化后的U-net模型的总体分类精度达84.89%,Kappa系数为0.82,分别高于未加入标准归一化植被指数特征的U-net模型以及未使用条件随机场进行后处理的U-net模型的分类精度;(2)优化后的U-net模型与使用相同策略的FCN-8s,支持向量机和随机森林的分类结果相比,提高了8.04%-12.54%,分类精度大幅度提高。[结论]通过少量调整相关的遥感特征以及使用条件随机场后处理方法可改善U-net模型的分类效果,适用于基于U-net的森林类型高分辨率多光谱遥感影像分类。     

基于GF-1遥感影像湿地变化信息检测算法分析

湿地遥感变化信息检测并识别一直是遥感动态监测的一个技术难点。以东洞庭湖为研究区,2期GF-1遥感影像为研究对象,在数据预处理的基础上,将研究区分为芦苇、苔草、辣蓼与泥蒿、水体、泥滩地等6种类型。研究引进了NDVI植被指数波段与第一主分量波段(PC1)对传统的图像差值算法进行改进,提取出两期影像的变化信息,并与支持向量机的多时相影像分类后检测算法相比较。结果表明:(1)研究区遥感影像经过大气校正和图像配准等预处理之后,GF-1遥感影像变化检测的最佳波段组合为RGB=432;(2)利用支持向量机分类器对两期遥感影像进行分类时,样本选择的可分离度均在1.9~2.0之间,分类结果的总体精度为85.34%,Kappa系数为0.8,满足分类后比较算法提取变化信息的要求;(3)引进NDVI与第一主分量区分变化信息,并采用直方图积累区间确定变化阈值,信息增加的变化阈值设置为0.3,信息减少的变化阈值设置为0.2,Smooth Kernel Size设置为3,Aggregation Min Size设置为30,优化结果最佳。利用2期GF-1遥感影像提取湿地变化信息,分类后比较算法与改进后图像差值算法,图像差值法快速、直接提取变化信息,检测精度为89.6%,Kappa系数为0.9,且不受分类精度与分类样本一致性的限制,明显优于传统分类比较算法,是一种高效可行的方法。     

基于Sentinel-2A数据的森林覆盖变化研究

【目的】利用Sentinel-2A卫星重访周期短和波段信息丰富的特点,精确高效地获取森林覆盖变化信息,提高森林覆盖变化监测的时效性和精度。【方法】采用Sentienl-2A遥感影像作为数据源,以沅江市为研究对象,结合实地调查数据,选取地物训练样本,利用各地物的光谱指数特征和纹理特征来构建决策树模型进行地物分类,光谱指数包括NDVI、NDWI、NDBI和光谱反射曲线,纹理特征包括均值、方差、信息熵和对比度。对沅江市2016年8月1日和2017年5月18日的两期Sentinel-2A遥感影像数据进行地物分类,计算各地物面积并将两期分类结果中的森林覆盖区域提取出来,分析森林覆盖变化情况。【结果】1)利用光谱指数特征结合纹理特征构建决策树模型对沅江市进行地物分类,其地物总体分类精度为83.62%,Kappa系数为0.825 7,森林制图精度为84.28%,森林用户精度为82.43%,比最大似然法的总体分类精度提升了11.27%,Kappa系数提高了0.133,森林制图精度提高了10.59%,森林用户精度提高了9.58%。2)在2016年8月1日至2017年5月18日期间沅江市森林面积减少了771 hm~2,有854 hm~2森林变为耕地,589 hm~2森林变为芦苇地,412 hm~2森林变为建设用地,105 hm~2森林变为水体。另外,有636 hm~2耕地、257 hm~2芦苇地、243 hm~2建设用地和53 hm~2水体变为森林。【结论】基于Sentienl-2A遥感影像数据,利用光谱指数特征和纹理特征构建决策树模型进行分类,能够有效提升地物分类精度;同时能够提高森林覆盖变化监测的时效性和精度,较为准确地分析森林覆盖变化情况,可为洞庭湖流域地物分类和森林覆盖变化监测提供决策支持。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.