干旱胁迫对臭柏水分特性的影响

运用PV技术 ,从天然臭柏群落和在室内干旱胁迫处理的臭柏扦插苗中分别取样 ,测定了干旱胁迫下臭柏的水分参数。天然臭柏群落选自毛乌素沙地土壤水分条件不同的沙丘上部和沙丘下部。室内干旱胁迫处理是将臭柏插穗带往日本冈山大学扦插 ,生根扦插苗移植于砾耕栽培装置中 ,设置对照区、弱干旱胁迫区、强干旱胁迫区 (培养液渗透势分别为 0 0、- 0 1、- 0 3MPa) 3种处理进行长期干旱胁迫室内模拟试验。结果表明 ,毛乌素沙地生长的臭柏 ,在不同的立地条件下 ,小枝的水分特性不同 ,在较干旱的沙丘上部 ,与较湿润的沙丘下部相比 ,膨压为 0时的渗透势 (ψs)、水饱和状态下的水势 (ψw)值减小 ,最大体积弹性模量 (ε)、细胞内的束缚水含量 (VP VO)值增大 ;干旱胁迫模拟试验条件下 ,随着干旱胁迫的增强 ,ψs 和 ψw 值减小 ,ε和VP VO 值增大 ;在干旱胁迫下 ,臭柏渗透调节能力发生了变化 ,从而证明臭柏是耐旱性可变的树种 ,通过抗旱锻炼 ,可提高其耐旱性。此外 ,还讨论了毛乌素沙地沙丘不同部位生长的臭柏小枝水势的日变化规律及干旱胁迫下培养液渗透势与水分特征参数的相关性。     

毛乌素沙地臭柏不定根发生特性的研究

臭柏 (Ｓａｂｉｎａｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ)是毛乌素沙地唯一的天然常绿针叶灌木 ,现存面积约 2 60ｋｍ2 左右 ,主要分布在固定、半固定沙地及滩地边缘。臭柏抗寒、耐旱、耐贫瘠、耐沙埋 ,具有很强的固沙、固土能力 ;臭柏的生长还能为其他植物提供良好的生存条件 ,臭柏灌丛下有柴胡     

臭柏的育苗方法

臭柏,蒙语叫“伊曼—阿日查”,柏科园柏属植物。在毛乌素沙漠中成片的生长,形成常绿的臭柏群落。其枝叶繁茂,结构紧密,为沙生植被中覆盖度最大的一种植物,可达90％。臭柏是相当后期的沙生植物种类。当流沙上有先锋植物沙米、沙蒿等生长而渐趋固定时,臭柏才侵入。当臭柏形成群落覆盖度达到80％以上时,沙丘则全部固定,因此,臭柏是优良的后期固沙灌木。     

榆林毛乌素沙地沙柳人工林生长状况调查研究

在榆林市榆阳区小纪汗对毛乌素沙地沙柳人工林生长状况进行了调查研究,结果为1 a内沙柳高生长在5-6月,之后枝条高生长逐渐缓慢,枝条地径生长量逐渐增加,9-10月生长逐渐停止;自然生长到一定年限后,其个体生长繁殖能力逐渐下降,自然生长15-20 a后,如不进行人工复壮更新,沙柳将面临死亡的威胁;丘间地、迎风坡、沙丘顶部等不同立地条件下,沙柳衰退速度依次逐渐加快,地下水位低于20 m以下时,沙柳衰退速度明显增加。     

科尔沁沙地臭柏引种初报

臭柏(Sabina Vulgaris)又名叉子圆柏、新疆柏、沙地柏等,是一种常绿匍匐针叶灌木.臭柏主要分布在温带大陆性干旱、半干旱地区,主要分布在我国西北、华北地区的干旱石质山坡,除山地外,还可生长于固定、半固定沙丘上,内蒙古毛乌素沙地和浑善达克沙地均有分布.而水分条件优于毛乌素沙地和浑善达克沙地的科尔沁沙地却没有臭柏分布.为了丰富科尔沁沙地灌木树种资源,我们从2001年开始进行了臭柏引种试验,取得了初步成果.     

中山柏扦插、移植小苗的防冻措施

<正> 中山柏是从墨西哥柏群体中选育出来的优良栽培类型,其适应范围广,生长快,对土壤要求不严。2年生苗年平均高生长量为80-90厘米,最高单株达117厘米;7年生大树年平均高生长量86厘米,径生长量1.8厘米,而同龄的铅笔柏年平均高生长量只67厘米,径生长量1.2厘米。在含石率高达70％、土层仅30厘米的土壤上,中山柏2年生苗年平均高生长量仍达69厘米。在我场,中山柏2月下旬开始萌动,11月底才停止生长,生长期长达280天左右。     

PLA沙障对毛乌素沙地新月形沙丘土壤水分的影响

以毛乌素沙地铺设PLA沙障的新月形沙丘不同部位0-60 cm的土壤水分为研究对象,通过野外实地观测、采样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,对各个采样点的土壤含水量进行测量和分析。结果表明：土壤含水量受地形影响明显,从丘间低地、沙丘底部、沙丘中部到沙丘顶部土壤含水量依次降低;PLA沙障增强了沙丘土壤保持水分的能力,障格内土壤含水量明显高于裸沙丘上的土壤含水量,并且障格内土壤含水量变化趋势稳定,规律明显;PLA沙障对沙丘0-40 cm的土壤含水量影响较大。综合分析认为PLA沙障的配置在本研究区内对沙丘土壤水分保持有一定作用,能为后期的植被恢复提供有利的水分条件。     

陕西毛乌素沙地治理与开发技术研究与示范

毛乌素沙地位于半干旱地带,陕西省境内的毛乌素沙地占毛乌素沙地总面积的55.4%,包括沙丘地类、滩地类、河谷阶地和覆沙黄土地类。经过50多年的治理,林草覆盖率达到42.9%,长城以北沙区出现沙漠化逆转,逆转速率为1.62%。沙地前沿的覆沙黄土去沙漠化还在扩大,增长速率为0.7%,应用"片、圈、面"模式治理沙漠化土地,是当前较好的治理措施。     

榆林毛乌素沙地臭柏苗木造林试验

在榆林毛乌素沙地进行了臭柏苗立地条件、苗木种类、苗木处理、栽植深度等4因素4水平正交造林试验和1a生臭柏扦插苗不同苗木处理造林试验,结果为立地条件、苗木种类、苗木处理对造林成活率有极显著或显著影响,栽植深度对造林成活率影响不显著,最优组合是背风坡、2a生实生苗、苗木带土处理、栽植深度比原土痕迹深3cm;把1a生臭柏扦插苗进行浸水处理、栽植在沙丘背风坡最有利。     

臭柏匍匐栽植技术及保护措施

臭柏又名沙地柏,具有抗旱、耐寒的特点,能够忍受风蚀沙埋,是干旱、半干旱地区防风固沙和水土保持的优良树种。臭柏主要分布在我国西北地区,其中神木县野生臭柏林是国内保存面积最大的一块臭柏天然林。其位于毛乌素沙地东南缘、秃尾河沿岸（黄河支流）,南北长约60公里,东西宽约5～10公里,面积约77平方公里,植被覆盖度28%,呈哑铃型。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.