杉木优良种源推广的体会

杉木优良种源推广的体会江西省杉木优良种源推广协作组我省于１９７６～１９８０年先后进行了两次全国性的杉木全分布区地理种源试验。历经１０余年研究，于１９８６年取得了可喜的成果，“江西省杉木优良种源选择的研究”荣获省人民政府科技进步二等奖。试验研究表明，由...     

杉木种源地理变异的研究

对第１、第２次杉木种源试验林进行生长量、开花结实、木材密度、冻害等指标测定，结果表明：杉木种源的材积与地理经纬度、海拔高呈显著负相关，树高与枝盘数、胸径与冠幅相关极为密切。不同种源生长期有差异，变幅在１９０～２２０ｄ。杉木优良种源大多来自中心产区，产地分布自我国西南到东南。中心产区种源结实率和结实量明显小于南北两亚热带种源，其地理变异呈“Ｖ”形趋势。杉木种源冻害程度与地理纬度是密切负相关。木材密度同地理纬度相关极显著，从北到南呈纬向下降的规律。     

川南秃杉引种优良种源选择

川南秃杉引种优良种源选择严学祖，马光良，王光剑，陈昌惠（泸州市林业科学研究所）为解决沪州市盆缘中山地带栽培高山树种生长缓慢，种植低山树种又易受冻害，杉木分布区伐后重植杉木生长量下降、病虫害加剧、更新换代树种缺乏等难题，在我所１９８０年试引种秃杉的基础...     

江西省杉木优良种源推广获显著成效

江西省杉木优良种源推广获显著成效江西省于１９７６年—１６８０年先后两次参加全国杉木全分布区地理种源试验，通过多性状综合评定，选出广西融水，湖南会同、江华，贵州锦屏，福建建瓯，江西遂川、铜鼓等适于本省生长的速生丰产优质种源（区），其中融水、会同、锦屏等...     

杉木优良种源及其冻害苗造林效果分析

通过两次全分布区和一次有限分布区杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.(Hook.)]种源试验,证实了种源间的树高、胸径、材积和结实等都存在明显的遗传变异^[1～4]。以速生优质为目的,综合评选出一批优良种源,具有丰产稳产、适应性广、结实量低等优良特性。     

黄山地区杉木优良家系区域选择及效果研究*

60年代以来,国内叶培忠、陈岳武等林木遗传育种专家系统地开展了杉木产地间、产地内、个体间的遗传变异规律和遗传改良研究。中国林科院于1976年和1979年先后两次组织了杉木全分布区的大规模试验研究,摸清了不同地理种源的遗传变异规律,选出了一批杉木优良种源。通过“六五”国家攻关,全国杉木种子园攻关协作组提出了杉木多层次利用的育种策略和程序。把优树经子代测定后筛选出的优良家系,在杉木分布区内进行区域化试验,进一步筛选出适应各种生境的优良家系,同时在这些家系中选择表现突出的优良单株进行多种途径     

广西杉木种源区划分和造林优良种源选择

两次全分布区种源试验证明，杉木种源千粒重、发芽率、苗期及幼林期生长差异显著；生长性状与产地纬度呈现纬向渐变的趋势。根据种源主要性状变异，利用主分量分析方法，把广西参试的２９个种源划成桂东源、桂北、桂西北和桂东南三个地理种群和种源区。以生长指标为主，选出广西各杉木造林区优良种源，如融水、融安、三江、那坡、金秀、隆林、贺县、锦屏、三都、从江、大田等，平均材积实际增益在２０％以上。     

广西杉木种源区划分和造林优良种源选择

两次全分布区种源试验证明，杉木种源千粒重，发芽率、苗期及幼林期生长差异显著；生长性状与产地纬度呈现纬向渐变的趋势，根据种源主要性状变异，利用主分量分析方法，把广西参试的２９个种源划成桂东北、桂北、桂西北和桂东南三个地理种群和种源区，以生长指标为主，选出广西各杉木造林区优良种源，如融水，融安，三江，那坡，金秀，隆林，贺县，锦屏，三都，从江、大田等，平均材积实际增在２０％以上。     

鄂中地区杉木优良种源选择研究

为了选择出适宜鄂中地区栽培的杉木优良种源 ,本文对杉木分布区内的6 1个杉木种源进行了苗期试验和造林试验 ,研究结果表明 :1、杉木不同种源间树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、侧枝粗、侧枝数、结实率等主要性状都存在着显著或极显著的差异 ;2、杉木从幼林阶段到速生阶段秩次相关、早晚相关系数达显著或极显著 ;3、杉木种源间生长变异受经度和纬度双重影响 ,呈现出从南至北、由东向西生产量逐渐下降的演变趋势 ;4、综合评定结果为 :适合鄂中地区的最佳种源有锦屏、邻水、大田、开化、那坡。优良种源有长停、修水、洪雅、乐安、谷城 ;5、采用杉木优良种源造林其增产效果十分显著。树高平均遗传增益为 90 4% ;胸径平均遗传增益为91 3% ;材积平均遗传增益为 83 5%。     

25年生优良杉木种源中间试验林分析

以全国全分布区杉木种源试验早期选择的优良种源在大田桃源国有林场开展杉木种源中间试验.从种源水平和种源内林分水平进行了遗传变异分析,结果表明参试种源间在生长性状上虽然存在显著或极显著差异,但这种差异主要受林地环境及种源与环境的交互作用影响,受到非常弱的遗传因素控制.因而,全分布区种源试验早期选择结果是可靠的,选择出的优良种源可在闽中地区推广应用.材积在林分水平上差异显著,且受到中等程度的遗传因素控制,可进行优良林分选择.以材积为指标,从参试林分中选择了6个优良林分,选择出的优良林分平均材积遗传增益为12.60%,选择效果明显.选择结果还表明选择杉木种源造林时,应充分重视本地种源的应用.     

台湾杉引种造林试验初报

台湾杉在来舟林业试验场经6年的引种造林试验表明;1年生苗高16cm,造林4年后幼林平均高2.99m,胸径3.96cm;造林初期生长较缓慢,第4年明显加快;育苗与造林技术均容易掌握,具有重要的引种价值。     

北美产七叶树引种栽培技术研究

从北美东部引进红花七叶树、光叶七叶树、黄花七叶树、欧洲七叶树等在浙江桐庐开展引种栽培试验.连续4 a的引种试验表明,较之于浙江七叶树,北美产七叶树早期生长较慢,树高生长期较短.在引种的4种北美产七叶树中,黄花七叶树、红花七叶树和光叶七叶树生长表现较好,虽然在苗期和1 ～2年生时的叶和芽在夏季比渐江七叶树更易受高温灼伤,但随着树龄的增大,抗灼伤等适应能力增强,年生长量不断增加;而欧洲七叶树易受冻害,生长不良,不宜引种.观察发现,红花七叶树和光叶七叶树分别在1年生和3年生时就始花始果,黄花七叶树营养生长最旺,生长速度不亚于浙江七叶树.七叶树种子适时采收,并利用具有自动喷雾设施的温室大棚沙藏,可使七叶树失活和腐烂种子的比率低于10%.在气温较低的冬季采用小包装方式进行长途运输可保证七叶树种子的质量.通过种子沙藏催芽和切根移床可促进根系发达和苗木生长.在苗期,夏季高温期间宜用50%透光度遮阳网遮阳.圃地培育大苗要求控制定植密度,施足基肥,加强水肥管理,以利苗木生长.     

油茶组培苗移栽及施肥试验

通过油茶组培苗移栽基质、时间和施肥肥料浓度对苗木生长影响的试验,结果表明,组培苗移栽成活率最高的基质是红心土,高达98．26％;但为利于苗木的生长,移栽方式是以先把瓶苗移栽于7cm×11cm的红心土营养杯内培养60d,苗木恢复生长,并长出2～3张叶片时再移栽到9cm×13cm椰康基质营养杯内培养适宜苗木生长,培育120d,苗高9．48cm,比使用红心土的苗高（4．04cm）高134．6％;施肥浓度为1％时,油茶组培苗生长效果良好,培养100d,苗高比施肥前高5．428cm,比对照的高143．8％。     

Effects of nickel and copper on growth and mycorrhiza of Scots pine seedlings inoculated with Gremmeniella abietina

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings were planted in soil originating from two localities with different background levels of nickel and copper. In addition, some of the seedlings were exposed to additional nickel (20.5 mg Ni/l of soil) or copper (63.5 mg Cu/l of soil), or a combination of both Ni and Cu, via soil without direct shoot exposure during their second growing period. The seedlings were either irrigated with spring water (pH 6) or got only natural rain during the whole field experiment. All seedlings were inoculated with conidia of a shoot‐pathogen Gremmeniella abietina during their third growing season, and harvested the following spring. Lengths of shoots of different year‐classes were used as growth estimates. In roots, the proportion of fungal (assumedly mycorrhizal) biomass was estimated by measuring ergosterol concentration. Guajacol peroxidase activity was measured. Short roots were classified into two groups according to their condition and the composition of the mycorrhizal community was expressed as a proportion of morphotypes in the roots. The seedlings exposed to additional Ni had higher shoot growth than the seedlings in the other treatments. The mean Ni concentration in the roots of seedlings exposed to additional Ni was 79 p.p.m. and in other seedlings 16 p.p.m. Additional Ni also decreased the frequency of clearly senescent short roots and the proportion of the mycorrhizal morphotype with the thinnest mantle. These results indicate that the Ni exposure levels used in this experiment had some positive effects on the seedlings. The relative fungal biomass was about 6% lower (p = 0.0981) in the fine roots of seedlings treated with additional Cu. The mean Cu concentration in the roots of seedlings exposed to additional Cu was 256 p.p.m. and in other seedlings 29 p.p.m. Peroxidase activity, which was used as a general stress indicator in this study, was not affected by any of the treatments. The shoot growth and the relative biomass of fungi in the fine roots were positively correlated in all seedlings, and this correlation was stronger in seedlings exposed to additional Ni that were not irrigated compared with seedlings not exposed to additional Ni that were irrigated. The frequency of asymptomatic infections of G. abietina was positively correlated with the proportion of senescent short roots in the irrigated seedlings but not in not‐irrigated seedlings. The general condition of seedlings may be an important factor for infection by G. abietina when moisture is high enough for the fungi to infect seedlings by conidia.     

营养杯移植培育油松壮苗技术研究

针对辽宁省西部干旱石质山区针叶树育苗周期长、造林成活率与保存率低等问题,进行了油松大苗培育技术试验,结果为1a生油松苗营养杯移植培育大苗的适宜移植时间为4月1-10日(清明前后),苗床应选择高床,营养土配方以1/2油松苗土+1/2落叶松苗土为好,在营养杯之间填充沙土。采用该技术培育大苗移植成活率、合格苗率分别都在95%以上,利用该技术所育苗木在干旱年份造林成活率为86.6%,该方法可在本地或其他环境条件相近地区推广。     

不同种源湿地松种子性状及苗期生长比较

从广西、广东和湖南3个省份收集湿地松优良家系种子,采用大田育苗和容器育苗两种方式培育实生苗,对不同种源种子质量及苗期生长量进行了调查和分析,结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子千粒重及发芽率均无显著差异,其中广东种子千粒重变异程度最低,发芽率最高;(2)不同种源间1a生大田苗和1a生容器苗的苗高和地径均无显著性差异,相比较而言,广西种源的苗木生长最好;(3)1a生大田苗的苗高和地径均高于容器苗,二者之间达显著差异,说明不同的育苗方式对苗木生长量影响很大。     

Carry-over effects of ozone on root growth and carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine seedlings

Ozone exposure decreases belowground carbon allocation and root growth of plants; however, the extent to which these effects persist and the cumulative impact of ozone stress on plant growth are poorly understood. To evaluate the potential for plant compensation, we followed the progression of ozone effects, with particular emphasis on the development of new roots. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings were exposed to ozone for 2 years. Following removal of the seedlings from ozone, root growth was assessed to characterize the carry-over effects on new root production, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured to determine if allocation strategies differed among ozone treatments. Four months after removal from ozone, dormant seedlings had significantly lower starch concentrations in stems, coarse roots and fine roots than control seedlings. Following root flushing, starch concentrations in all seedlings decreased, with ozone-treated seedlings containing significantly less starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and total monosaccharides than control seedlings. There was some evidence that stem starch was mobilized to compensate partially for the lower concentrations of root starch in ozone-treated seedlings; however, there was significantly less new root production in seedlings previously exposed to ozone for 2 years than in control seedlings. Early senescence of older needle age classes, perhaps resulting in inadequate available photosynthate, may be responsible for the reduction in new root production during the year following exposure to ozone. Stored carbohydrate reserves, which were depleted in seedlings previously exposed to ozone, were insufficient to compensate for the ozone-induced reduction in canopy photosynthate. We conclude that there are carry-over effects of ozone exposure on ponderosa pine seedlings, including an enhanced potential for seedling susceptibility to other stresses even in respite years when ozone concentrations are low.     

Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings

Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.     

日本落叶松二代优树嫁接苗成活率和生长情况分析

笔者以日本落叶松二代优树嫁接苗为对象,对嫁接成活率和嫁接苗生长情况进行调查分析,结果表明:二代优树嫁接成活率平均值为36.40%;无性系间嫁接成活率和生长量差异较大,无性系内各单株生长差异大,变异系数最大达到72.49%;家系间嫁接成活率存在极显著差异,生长量差异不显著;第3 a生主梢长度与2 a苗高存在极显著正相关,用2 a苗高对第3 a苗高生长进行校正后发现家系间第3 a苗高生长存在显著差异;不同树龄母树穗条的嫁接成活率及嫁接后苗木生长情况均存在极显著差异,采穗母树年龄为10～12 a的嫁接苗嫁接成活率、苗高和地径生长量均大于采穗母树年龄为14～17,18～20 a的嫁接苗。