广东省茶秆竹竹笋夜蛾种类及侵入规律研究

林间抽样调查表明怀集县境内共发现危害茶秆竹的竹笋夜蛾4种,经鉴定为：淡竹笋夜蛾KumasiakumasoSugi、笋秀夜蛾Apamea．apameoidesDraudt、笋连秀夜蛾SapporiarepetitaButler和竹笋禾夜蛾OligiavulgarisButer。茶秆竹竹笋夜蛾危害率为10％～86．67％,其中淡竹笋夜蛾最早侵入,竹笋禾夜蛾和笋秀夜蛾次之,笋连秀夜蛾侵入时间最晚。由于竹笋夜蛾种类多,危害大,制约了茶秆竹产业的健康发展,对竹笋夜蛾的防治提出了建议。     

夜蛾科昆虫性信息素组分的结构及分布特点

夜蛾科(Noctuidae)是鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)昆虫中最大的一个科,全世界已知该科昆虫种类达25089种(统计至1985年),我国已经鉴定出2095种[1].夜蛾科昆虫大多是植食性,且多数又是暴食性,对农作物危害极大,因此,夜蛾科害虫一直是农林害虫防治的重要对象.     

长白山低山林区夜蛾科昆虫区系调查

长白山低山林区夜蛾科昆虫区系调查侯彬，林逢春（吉林省通化市林业局１３４００１）（长白山国家级自然保护局）为了摸清长白山低山林区夜蛾科昆虫的种类及分布与环境因子的关系，笔者于１９８３～１９８４年进行了调查，现将结果报道如下。１调查地自然概况长白山低山林...     

凤凰木夜蛾的生物学特性与防治策略

凤凰木夜蛾是危害凤凰木的重要害虫,易爆发成灾,严重破坏景观效果。调查后发现凤凰木夜蛾主要爆发时期从7月下旬至11月上旬,观察了凤凰木夜蛾不同发育阶段的形态特征和生物学特性,可以用人工防治、生物防治、化学防治等不同方法对凤凰木夜蛾进行防治。     

吉林省梅河口地区夜蛾科名录

近年来通过灯诱、网扫和食物诱引对梅河口地区鳞翅目昆虫采集调查,整理出154种夜蛾科种类,在此列出详细名录。     

黑龙江省大兴安岭地区镰须夜蛾属(鳞翅目,夜蛾科)分类学整理

本研究对黑龙江省大兴安岭夜蛾科长须夜蛾亚科中外部形态极其近似的镰须夜蛾属进行整理,对各种类外部形态特征进行了简单描述,同时列出其分布.     

竹笋夜蛾发生规律及防治技术

<正> 竹笋夜蛾属鳞翅目,夜蛾科。在新县、光山、商城、信阳、罗山等县竹产区均有发生,其危害日趋严重。1987年竹笋平均被害率55％,1988年竹笋被害率已达67％。受害笋轻者蛀孔,生长缓慢,节突断头;重者幼笋由绿变黄,腐烂死亡。1985年以来,我们在新县竹区进行了系统观察和室内外防治技术试验。结果表明,选择好防治时间、农药种类、施药方法、药剂浓度,是防治竹笋夜蛾的关键。一、发生及危害规律竹笋夜蛾一年一代,以卵在禾本科杂草上越冬。三月中旬卵孵化,先取食禾本科杂草,被害草呈枯心状。三月下旬为卵孵化盛     

柑橘吸果夜蛾发生与防治

柑橘吸果夜蛾,国内各产区分布种类多达46种。主要以成虫吸食果实汁液而造成落果和后期腐烂,可致减产10%～30%。一、发生种类安庆市丘陵地区较普遍发生危害的有3种。1.嘴壶夜蛾。成虫体长18mm左右,头部棕红色,腹部背面灰白色。一年4代,幼虫及蛹均能越冬,从5月中旬直至10月均造成     

东北地区拟胸须夜蛾属1新记录种的记述（鳞翅目、夜蛾科、长须夜蛾亚科）

东北地区拟胸须夜蛾属发现1新记录种：条拟胸须夜蛾（Bertula spacoalis）;且列出东北地区包含拟胸须夜蛾的2种检索表,及其形态特征和分布。     

紫薇三种新害虫

通过户外观察和室内饲养,对3种危害紫薇Lagerstroemia indica的新害虫佳俊夜蛾Westermannia nobilis Draudt、金掌夜蛾Tiracola aureata Holloway、桑天牛Apriona germari Hope进行研究。佳俊夜蛾的寄主植物为首次报道,金掌夜蛾为福建省昆虫新记录种。简述3种害虫的寄主、分布、形态特征及生物学特性等,并提供生态图片。     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of Douglas-fir transplanted container seedlings with commercially produced inoculum

Commercially produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully formed ectomycorrhizae with Douglas-fir transplanted container (plug+1) seedlings. After 4.5 months in containers, 83% and 90%, respectively, of short roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H. crustuliniforme-inoculated seedlings had significantly more mycorrhizal and total short roots than Pisolithus tinctorius-inoculated (4% mycorrhizal root tips) or uninoculated control seedlings. No significant differences were detected in seedling growth at the end of the container phase.After transplantation and growth in nursery beds for 17 months, mean new short root colonization of all seedlings was 80%. H. crustuliniforme persisted as a dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings initially inoculated with this fungus. L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40% of their short roots colonized by L. laccata and another 40% by native fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All mycorrhizae of control seedlings and those inoculated with P. tinctorius were formed by fungi native to the nusery beds. A significant fungal treatment effect was detected for shoot height only. Control seedlings were significantly taller than L. laccata-inoculated seedlings after transplanting.This article is part of senior author's thesis in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Forest Science at Oregon State University, Corvallis.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

泡桐叶片蛋白质多态性及其聚类分析(英文)

根据白花泡桐（Paulownia fargesii）、白花兰考泡桐（P.elongata f. alba）、毛泡 桐（P. tomentosa）、川泡桐（P. fargesii）、山明泡桐（P. lamprophylla）、成都泡桐 (P. albiphloea var chengtuensis)、鄂川泡桐（P. albiphloea）、南方泡桐（P. austra lis）、白花泡桐（P. fortunei）、兰考泡桐（P. elongata）叶片蛋白质单向电泳和双向 电泳结果，可将它们聚类分为白花泡桐组（白花泡桐和白花兰考泡桐）、南方泡桐组（南方 泡桐和成都泡桐）和毛泡桐组（毛泡桐、川泡桐、鄂川泡桐、山明泡桐和兰考泡桐）。该结 果为泡桐属植物的分类提供了参考依据，也为泡桐属植物种确立、杂种鉴定和新品种培育奠 定了基础。     

Protein diversity ofPaulownia plant leaves and clusters

Paulownia tomentosa, P. fargesii, P. lamprorhylla, P. albiphloea, P. australis, P. fortunei, P. elongata, P. elongata f. alba andP. albiphloea varchenggtuensis were classified into three groups:P. fortunei group (P. fortunei andP. elongata f. alba);P. australis group (P. australis andP. albiphloea varchenggtuensis) andP. tomentasa group (P. tomentasa, P. fargesii, P. albiprhlaca, P. lamproprhylia andP. elongata) accordance to the results of the single and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of protein in thePaulownia tree leaves. The result could lay a foundation for classifying the GenusPaulownia plants. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China and Nature Science Foundation of Henan Province. Biography: FAN Guo-qiang (1964-), male, Professor in Institute ofPaulownia Henan Agriculture University. Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.