祁连山寺大隆林区不同程度放牧草地水土流失的初步研究

本文根据试验区内不同植被类型的12个地表径流观测场的5年观测,研究了降雨对不同程度放牧草地水土流失的影响。结果表明:降雨强度是影响地表产流的首要因子;有林地各植被类型小区均不产生水土流失现象;过度、中度和轻度放牧草地类型其年径流量分别为210.5mm、42.1mm、5.2mm,土壤流失量分别为5262.42kg/ha,115.37kg/ha 和3.94kg/ha;并且过度放牧草地的地表径流系数变化最显著,在雨季有较大降雨量时是流域内产生水土流失的主要来源。     

太行山片麻岩区坡地水土流失规律研究

通过人工模拟降雨和野外观测试验,对太行山片麻岩区坡地水土流失规律进行了研究。结果表明:雨前土壤含水量越大,产流越早;土层越厚,土壤蓄水量越大;累积地表径流量与降雨时间的对数呈显著正相关,拟合方程为W=a+blnt,相关系数均大于0 92;径流量与降雨量呈显著正相关,并且径流量随降雨量的增加呈指数形式增加,拟合方程为Y=aebx,相关系数均大于0 95;径流量随降雨强度的增大而增大,并与30min最大降雨强度呈显著正相关;地表径流量与植被覆盖度呈显著负相关关系;相同土地类型,土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈对数曲线关系,坡度越大,土壤侵蚀量也越大,拟合方程为Y=a+blnx;相同土地类型土壤侵蚀量的增量随时间的增加趋于平缓;在其他条件相同的情况下,不同土地类型的土壤侵蚀量为坡耕地>油松林地>刺槐林地>荒坡草地。     

湿地松新造幼林地水土流失规律研究

为了解高度集约化经营湿地松林对环境的影响,以湿地松新造幼林地为对象,设置径流场进行了连续６年系统定位观测研究。结果表明,观测期间降水量为６４３５３ｍｍ,林地径流量为１６１１２４１ｔ／ｈｍ２,泥沙流失量为２７８４４７７７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,流失Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等主要养分为１３１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,径流系数为３１６％;在安徽丘岗地区营造湿地松林,实行大块状（８０ｃｍ×８０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ）整地,并集约经营,不致引起严重的水土流失,造林当年土壤侵蚀模数为１９５５９ｔ／ｈｍ２,属于无明显侵蚀类型,该区可提倡高规格整地和实行集约经营;５～８月为集中降水期,应避免相关营林活动;水土流失量与降水量呈幂函数关系,随着林木生长和植被的恢复,径流量逐渐减少,泥沙流失量则显著减少。     

旅游开发对若尔盖自然保护区土壤养分和物理性状的影响

对高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区不同旅游开发强度下土壤养分和物理性状进行研究的结果表明：（1）不同旅游开发强度（强度等级）对若尔盖高原湿地花湖景区土壤养分含量（有机质、氮、磷、钾）有着较大差异。（2）不同旅游开发强度对土壤理化性质的影响表现为：随着放牧干扰强度的增加,样地土壤容重逐渐增大、孔隙度逐渐减小。干扰导致土壤持水量和含水量下降,重度和中度干扰下土壤持水量和含水量与无放牧干扰时相比均有显著下降（P〈0.05）。放牧压实造成土壤表层孔隙度下降,致使土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率下降,其中稳渗速率下降最为明显,轻度、中度和重度放牧干扰下土壤稳渗速率比未受放牧干扰时分别下降了49.81%,81.89%和92.34%。（3）旅游活动、过牧超载等人为干扰活动是引起生态退化的主要原因。气候寒冷造成土壤利用性能受限,植被生长缓慢且破坏后难于恢复,湿地中伴随着水的大量流失和进而引发的湿地功能的的丧失对若尔盖及附近地区乃至全球生态环境的形成与演变产生重大影响。应对若尔盖湿地自然生态环境进行保护。严禁挖沟排水和过度无序旅游,乃是保护土壤,稳定若尔盖湿地高原生态环境的重要措施。只有这样,保护土壤生态系统才有依托,才有物质基础。     

刺槐尺蠖防治指标的研究

经过对刺槐的蓄叶量、叶面积、刺槐尺蠖食叶量、人工模拟摘叶对刺槐生长量影响等因子的调查分析，得出胸径D与刺槐蓄叶量M之间的关系式为M=135265．73 ＋ 13949．41D（相关系数r=0．976），刺槐叶面积与鲜重（长宽平均值）的关系：S=0．096W - 0．086（r=0．986），S=1．99L - 0．68（r=0．988），刺槐尺蠖幼虫期平均每头损叶量为295．45cm^2，根据CT=M＊H／Q（1-R）关系式，计算出不同径阶刺槐树的刺槐尺蠖的防治指标。     

落叶松树皮厚度变化规律的研究

以黑龙江省带岭林业局大青川林场84株人工落叶松解析木数据为例,研究胸径处树皮厚度（BT）与胸径（D）、树高（H）、树冠宽度（CD）、冠长率（CR）、冠长（CL）和相对高度（RH）的关系。用多元逐步回归的方法建立落叶松人工林树皮厚度模型。结果表明,人工落叶松树皮厚度最优模型为BT=0.4221＋0.0583D-0.046H。模型检验（F=32.46,P〈0.0001）及拟合统计量（R2=0.5155,RMSE=0.1507）都表明该模型较好的描述落叶松树皮厚度的变化。这对于合理的经营和管理落叶松人工林具有重要的理论和实际指导意义。     

冀北山地华北落叶松人工林与天然次生油松林不同坡位生长状况研究

在冀北木兰围场自然保护区内,通过对比华北落叶松[Larixgmellini（Rupr．）Rupr]人工林与天然次生油松（P／nustabulaeformiscarr）林不同坡位的连年生长量与平均生长量,建立生长过程曲线方程并拟合树高与胸径之间的关系,分析两种林型内乔木树种的生长过程。结果表明：（1）落叶松人工林不同坡位样地内,标准木的拟合生长模型基本相似;材积连年及平均生长速率排序为：坡底落叶松〉坡中落叶松〉坡顶落叶松。（2）天然次生油松林不同坡位样地内材积平均生长量均随着年龄的增长而增加,油松标准木的生长过程基本相同,且标准木的拟合生长模型基本相似。但坡中油松立木材积平均生长量高于坡地和坡顶。（3）相同坡位样地内人工林与天然林间的连年生长曲线存在明显差异性。油松林生理年龄高于落叶松林,标准木达到材积数量成熟的年龄比落叶松大,单株立木材积量较大。（4）人工落叶松林和天然油松次生林内乔木树种的胸径与树高问存在密切的相关性,其相关系数均达到0．9以上。     

长江上游柏木人工林分生物量研究

应用生物量的结构特征指标、生长分析法研究分析柏木林生物量结构的合理性，研究结果表明：柏木人工林合理生物量结构指标：NMR=0．88，BNI=0．24，CRR=5．6，F／C=0．14；林分净生产量△W与叶面积指数NAI关系密切（相关系数（0．85），同净生产率NfR关系较小（r=0．06）因此影响林分生物量主要是叶量大小，而不是叶的机能（净生产率NfR）；叶的净初级生产力最高，其次为干材和枝量，40-50年枯落物年平均达到7．04t／hm^2。立地条件较好的柏木林在40-50年达10t／hm^2以上。灌木层年净初级生产力达0．13t／hm^2，草本层0．44t／hm^2。     

密云山区油松树轮δ~(13)C对气温和降水量变化的响应

【目的】探究北京市密云山区油松树轮δ~(13)C对气温和降水量变化的响应,重建1947—2014年密云山区气候资料,以期为揭示该地区的气候变化规律提供依据。【方法】测定密云山区红门川流域油松树轮δ~(13)C值,建立1947—2014年的树轮δ~(13)C序列,并剔除序列值中受大气CO_2碳同位素值影响产生的下降趋势,之后获得油松树轮δ~(13)C去趋势序列(DS),然后结合当地气象站资料分析油松树轮δ~(13)C值对降水和气温变化的响应,构建δ~(13)C与降水和气温的关系方程,进而重建1947—2014年的降水和气温资料。【结果】1947—2014年,密云山区油松树轮δ~(13)C呈下降趋势,其中,1995—2014年波动较大,剔除大气CO_2背景值的DS序列呈现二次曲线的走势,拐点出现在1980年附近;油松树轮δ~(13)C值DS序列与7月平均气温等极显著正相关(r=0.719 7,P0.01),利用回归方法重建1947—2014年密云山区7月份平均气温,平均值为25.67℃,重建曲线显示该地区气温呈先下降后上升趋势;油松树轮δ~(13)C值DS序列与夏季降水量极显著负相关(r=-0.696 7,P0.01),利用回归方法重建了1947—2014年密云山区夏季降水量,平均值为450.3 mm,自1980年以后,降水量年际变化出现较大波动,并且下降趋势明显。【结论】油松树轮δ~(13)C对7月份气温和夏季降水量响应极为显著;1947—2014年密云山区气候变化呈现波动性变暖变干趋势。     

北京市道路绿地对PM2.5浓度分布与消减作用的影响

摘要：选择北京市典型道路绿地类型为试验监测点,对0,6,16,26,36iTI不同绿带宽度下PM2。浓度分布、消减能力及与气象因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明：道路绿地空气中P№。浓度的日变化均呈现双峰单谷型特征,即早晚高、白天低,最低值出现在午后14：00左右,最高值出现在晚高峰20：00左右;0,6,16,26,36m绿带宽度下PM25浓度平均值分别为46．64,44．35,42．91,40．96μg．m-3和41．97μg．m-3,以26m绿带宽度最低,0m最高;无污染或轻度污染（P№s〈115μg·m-3）天气条件下,绿地对PM2.5消减作用十分明显,26m的绿带处消减作用最强,最高可达28．0％;中度污染及以A（PM2.5〉115μg·m-3）天气条件下绿地对P№s消减作用不明显;PM2.5浓度与气象因子中的温度、风速成负相关关系,与相对湿度成正相关关系。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.