尾巨桉东门27号纤维形态特征的研究

以广西南宁市尧坡林场尾巨桉东门27号为研究对象,对木材纤维形态进行了研究。结果表明:尾巨桉东门27号的纤维长度平均值为857.2μm,纤维宽度平均值为12.5μm,纤维长宽比平均值为68.6,纤维双壁厚平均值为1.7μm,纤维壁腔比的平均值为0.2。尾巨桉东门27号的纤维长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚及壁腔比的径向变异总体规律相似,均随树龄增加逐渐增大,到一定年限达到最大值以后趋于稳定。     

不同地区光皮桦木材纤维形态特征的研究

对不同地区光皮桦的木材纤维形态特征进行测定分析,结果表明:6个地区中以庆元地区的光皮桦纤维特征最具优势,光皮桦木纤维长度1 884.38μm,宽度32.65μm,双壁厚13.16μm,壁腔比0.41,腔径比0.59,长宽比59.55;且不同地区光皮桦的木纤维长度、宽度、双壁厚、长宽比均存在明显差异,只有壁腔比和腔径比两项指标在不同地区间差异不大。     

长江滩地杨木纤维形态特征及径向变异

对安庆段长江滩地I-72杨的纤维形态特征及径向变异模式进行了研究.结果表明:I-72杨的纤维长度平均值为1.30 mm,纤维宽度平均值为22.60 μm,纤维长宽比平均值为57.43,纤维双壁厚平均值为6.35 μm,纤维壁腔比的平均值为0.40.I-72杨的纤维长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚及壁腔比的径向变异规律相似,自髓心向外逐渐增加,到一定年限达到最大值以后趋于稳定.其中纤维长度、长宽比及双壁厚的径向变异均呈y=b0xb1分布,纤维宽度和壁腔比的变化幅度不大.安庆段长江滩地I-72杨的纤维长度、宽度和双壁厚均比前人研究的滩地杨木I-72、I-69及非滩地杨木I-69低.     

红树植物白骨壤木材解剖特性及其变异性研究

对采自广西北海禾沟红树林培育基地的白骨壤(Avicennia marina)木材进行解剖特性和变异研究.结果表明:白骨壤木纤维长度属"甚短级",宽度属于"一级",纤维分子长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、壁腔比、腔径比平均值分别为674.20 μm、15.30 μm、44.16、6.87 μm、0.85、0.55;导管分子长度和宽度分别属于"很短"和 "甚小"级别,导管分子长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、壁腔比平均值分别为174.02 μm、39.89 μm、4.63、4.05 μm、0.12;白骨壤木材的木纤维比量、木射线比量、导管比量、薄壁组织比量平均值分别为71%、7%、22%、1%.不同年轮间纤维和导管的分子长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、壁腔比具有不同程度的变异.     

西江桂和清化桂木材解剖特征的比较分析

以9年生的西江桂(Cinnamomum cassia)和清化桂(Cinnamomum cassia var.macrophyll)人工林木材为研究对象,对其微观结构、木材纤维形态特征和组织比量进行测定分析。结果表明:西江桂木材的的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径、双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比分别为894.00μm、24.63μm、16.67μm、7.97μm、36.30、0.48、0.68;清化桂木材的的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径、双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比分别为953.67μm、22.37μm、14.40μm、7.97μm、42.65、0.55、0.64。西江桂的木材导管、轴向薄壁组织、木射线、木纤维比量分别为9%、13%、10%、68%;清化桂木材的导管、轴向薄壁组织、木射线、木纤维比量分别为10%、20%、10%、60%。西江桂和清化桂木材的微观构造极为相似;但木材纤维特征中纤维长度、腔径、长宽比、纤维宽度、轴向薄壁组织比量、木纤维比量差异均显著或极显著,其他特征没有显著差异。     

不同树龄尾巨桉无性系人工林木材纤维形态变异分析

为探究不同树龄尾巨桉无性系(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis)人工林木材纤维形态特征的差异,以广西国有维都林场5年生和7年生尾巨桉无性系人工林木材为研究对象,采用解析木取样方法,对两个树龄尾巨桉无性系木材的纤维长度、宽度、腔径和双壁厚进行测定,分析其木材纤维特性。结果表明,5年生和7年生尾巨桉无性系木材纤维的平均长度分别为956.71和958.36μm,平均宽度分别为20.26和20.65μm,平均腔径分别为13.29和13.08μm,平均双壁厚分别为6.97和7.57μm,平均长宽比分别为47.32和46.48,平均壁腔比分别为0.54和0.59。由树干根部至梢部,木材纤维长度呈先增大后减小的趋势,宽度呈逐渐减小的趋势,双壁厚表现为5年生缓慢增大、7年生上下波动;自髓心向树皮,纤维长度、宽度和双壁厚均呈逐渐增加的趋势。方差分析表明,5年生尾巨桉无性系木材不同年轮间纤维长度、宽度和双壁厚差异均极显著;不同树干高度间纤维腔径差异极显著,其余差异均不显著。7年生尾巨桉无性系木材不同年轮间纤维双壁厚差异不显著,其余均差异极显著;不同树干高度间纤维长度、宽度、腔径和双壁厚差异均不显著。     

2年生麻竹不同竹秆部位纤维形态特征的差异分析

分析了2年生麻竹不同竹秆部位纤维长度及其频率分布、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、腔径、壁腔比的差异。揭示了其纤维形态特征随竹秆垂直部位的变化表现为:竹秆离地高度4.5 m处的纤维长度和纤维长宽比最大,纤维宽度和纤维壁厚在2.5 m处最大,纤维腔径、纤维壁腔比分别在6.5 m、0.5 m处最大。2年生麻竹材纤维形态特征随竹秆水平部位变化表现为:竹壁中层纤维长度最长,内层最短。竹壁外层纤维宽度、壁厚和壁腔比最大,内层最小。竹壁内层纤维长宽比最大,外层最小。竹壁内层纤维腔径最大,中层最小。纤维长度大部分集中分布在大于1.5 mm区间范围,占70%左右,属于长纤维类型。研究结果为麻竹材的定向培育和麻竹材的高效合理利用提供重要的依据。     

青钱柳解剖性质研究

以青钱柳(cyclocarya paliurus)树干1.3 m处圆盘为研究对象,通过木材解剖测定其生长轮纤维长度、宽度、长宽比、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比和导管长度、宽度、长宽比、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比,研究各个指标随生长轮龄增长的径向变异规律。结果表明:青钱柳纤维长度、纤维长宽比随生长轮龄的增长总体呈增长的径向变异规律;而纤维宽度、纤维壁厚、纤维腔径、纤维壁腔比随生长轮龄的增长没有明显的变异规律。青钱柳导管长度、导管宽度、导管壁厚、导管腔径随生长轮龄的增长总体呈增长的径向变异规律;导管长宽比、导管壁腔比随生长轮龄的增长没有明显的变异规律。     

不同初植密度对巨桉木材纤维形态的影响

对不同初植密度（2.0m×4.0m、3.0m×3.0m、3.0m×4.0m）20年生巨桉胸径处外缘材纤维形态特征（纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、长宽比和壁腔比）进行测定和分析,旨在为定向培育巨桉人工林提供基础数据。研究结果表明：随初植密度的增大,纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径先增大后减小,以3.0m×3.0m的最大;纤维长宽比和壁腔比先减小后增大,3.0m×4.0m的纤维长宽比和壁腔比最大。本研究认为3.0m×3.0m的纤维形态特征为最好。     

黄果厚壳桂纤维特性变异规律研究

以黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)为研究对象,通过测量黄果厚壳桂纤维特性,分析对比各项纤维形态在纵向和径向上的变异规律,初步划分幼龄材和成熟材。结果表明:纤维长度为954.46μm,属于中等长度纤维,纤维宽度、腔径、双壁厚、壁腔比、长宽比分别为19.95μm、10.96μm、8.98μm、0.82、47.87。根据有序聚类分析法确定黄果厚壳桂幼龄材和成熟材的年龄界定为第26年。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.