-蒎烯经二溴莰烷合成冰片二烯

以α-蒎烯为原料与Br2进行加成、异构化反应合成2,6-二溴莰烷,以2,6-二溴莰烷为中间体制备冰片二烯。α-蒎烯合成2,6-二溴莰烷的条件:Br2和α-蒎烯为2.5∶1(物质的量之比),反应温度为0℃,反应时间24 h,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为97.6%,定向转化为2,6-二溴莰烷的选择性最高(48.8%)。提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷纯度为99.0%,得率为45.6%。以提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷为原料制备冰片二烯的适宜反应条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间5 h,叔丁醇钾为消除试剂,叔丁醇钾与2,6-二溴莰烷投料比4∶1(物质的量比),DMF为溶剂。2,6-二溴莰烷转化率为99.12%,冰片二烯的选择性为99.0%,提纯后的冰片二烯纯度可达98.5%。采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1H NMR等方法对2,6-二溴莰烷和冰片二烯进行了结构鉴定。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2 催化β-月桂烯与马来酸酐的Diels-Alder反应研究

研究了SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2型固体超强酸催化剂的制备及其催化β-月桂烯与马来酸酐的Diels-Alder反应,通过GC、GC-MS和红外分析,确定其主产物为4-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)-4-环己烯-1,2-酸酐。结果表明,该催化剂对β-月桂烯与马来酸酐的Diels-Alder反应有较高的催化活性和较好的选择性。考察了其催化性能的影响因素。结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件是:n(钛)∶n(锆)为1∶1,焙烧温度450℃。Diels-Alder反应优化的工艺条件:n(β-月桂烯)∶n(马来酸酐)为1∶1、反应时间4 h、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1%。该条件下β-月桂烯转化率96.5%,产物选择性94.0%,产物得率90.7%。同时考察了催化剂放置时间对异构产物的影响和催化剂重复使用情况。     

Synthesis of the Bomadiene from 2,6-Dibromocamphane

以α-蒎烯为原料与Br2进行加成、异构化反应合成2,6-二溴莰烷,以2,6-二溴莰烷为中间体制备冰片二烯.α-蒎烯合成2,6-二溴莰烷的条件:Br2和α-蒎烯为2.5∶1(物质的量之比),反应温度为0℃,反应时间24h,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为97.6％,定向转化为2,6-二溴莰烷的选择性最高(48.8％).提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷纯度为99.0％,得率为45.6％.以提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷为原料制备冰片二烯的适宜反应条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间5h,叔丁醇钾为消除试剂,叔丁醇钾与2,6-二溴莰烷投料比4∶1(物质的量比),DMF为溶剂.2,6-二溴莰烷转化率为99.12％,冰片二烯的选择性为99.0％,提纯后的冰片二烯纯度可达98.5％.采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1H NMR等方法对2,6-二溴莰烷和冰片二烯进行了结构鉴定.     

冰片烯的合成研究

分别以α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和莰烯为原料,合成2-氯莰烷,再以2-氯莰烷为原料合成冰片烯. α -蒎烯合成2-氯莰烷的反应温度为-5℃, β -蒎烯合成2-氯莰烷的反应温度为-10℃;莰烯合成2-氯莰烷的反应条件是以氯化锌为催化剂、投料比6∶1(物质的量比,下同)、温度为35℃,反应时间24h.2-氯莰烷合成冰片烯的工艺条件为,以叔丁醇钾为消除反应试剂、投料比为3∶1、DMF为溶剂、反应温度为120℃、反应时间为3h.采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1HNMR等方法对2-氯莰烷和冰片烯进行了结构鉴定.     

N-氨乙基萜品烯马来酰亚胺基磺酰胺化合物的合成及抑菌活性

以α-蒎烯(1)为原料,经Wagner-Meerwein重排得α-萜品烯(2),2与马来酸酐发生Diels-Alder环加成反应得到α-萜品烯马来酸酐(3),3再与N-芳磺酰基乙二胺(4)反应,合成得到12个新型N-氨乙基萜品烯马来酰亚胺基磺酰胺类化合物(5a~5l)。采用FT-IR、1H NMR、13C NMR、ESI-MS和元素分析等多种手段对目标产物作了分析表征。初步的生物活性测试表明,目标化合物具有一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物5c(R=3-CH3)在质量浓度为50 mg/L时对花生褐斑病菌、番茄早疫病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑制率分别达68.8%、68.3%、62.3%和53.8%。     

马来海松酸三烯丙酯的制备与表征

【目的】通过Diels-Alder反应将马来酸酐引入松香结构单元,在微波辅助条件下在马来海松酸分子结构中引入含有3个活性碳碳双键的马来海松酸三烯丙酯,为我国松香基精细化学品的精深加工提供一条新路径。【方法】分别以水和乙醇为溶剂,通过中和反应制备马来海松酸钠盐,在微波辅助条件下,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,以马来海松酸钠与氯丙烯为原料,通过相转移催化法制备马来海松酸三烯丙酯。基于FT-IR、GC及MS等手段对产物结构进行表征。【结果】确定优化反应条件为:微波功率400 W,反应温度55℃,反应时间4 h,氯丙烯与马来海松酸钠物质的量之比为3,催化剂用量5%,在此条件下产物的收率为93.2%。从色谱分析结果可以看出,反应进行比较彻底,原料峰已完全消失,而且生成的产物纯度较高,优化条件下所得产物GC含量为96.1%。红外光谱表征中红外特征吸收峰的消失和生成说明马来海松酸三烯丙酯3个羧基均发生了酯化反应,且反应较为彻底。质谱分析确认了以乙醇为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得的马来海松酸三烯丙酯的副产物经甲酯化后主要有马来松香酸酐单烯丙酯及马来松香酸二烯丙酯,以水为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得产物主要为马来海松酸三烯丙酯,副产物只有马来海松酸酐单烯丙酯。质谱分析中m/z 538为马来海松酸三烯丙酯的分子离子峰,m/z 481的碎片峰为[M-OCH_2CHCH_2]~+是脱去1分子酯基部分生成的峰,m/z 439的碎片峰为脱去酯基后形成的稳定的马来海松酸酐结构,质谱碎片峰m/z 342为马来海松酸三烯丙烯酯的质谱分裂逆Diels-Alder反应,碎片离子197的基峰是稳定的三环菲骨架结构。制备的马来海松酸三烯丙酯为白色黏稠液体,其酸值为2.5 mg·g~(-1),密度为1.109 7×10~3 kg·cm~(-3),黏度为8.5×10~3mPa·s。【结论】开发了具有3个活性双键的马来海松酸三烯丙酯聚合单体,以水为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得马来海松酸三烯丙酯的纯度较高。     

月桂烯源乙烯基酯树脂单体的合成、表征及其紫外光固化物性能研究

以天然产物月桂烯(MY)为基体原料与马来酸酐、环氧氯丙烷和丙烯酸依次进行D-A加成、缩聚和环氧开环酯化反应制得一种新型月桂烯源乙烯基酯树脂单体(AE-MYM),并采用FT-IR、GPC对制得的产物结构进行了分析。研究表明目标产物已成功合成,相对分子质量485,且树脂单体在50 s内双键转化率可达到70%以上。动态热机械性能(DMA)分析表明制备树脂的紫外光固化产物的玻璃化转变温度达到65℃,储能模量达到4 400 MPa以上;拉伸性能测试结果表明制备的光固化产物的拉伸强度可达到50 MPa以上。以上结果分析表明制备的树脂单体固化产物是一种性能优异的刚性材料。     

改性木质素磺酸盐/丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的制备

木质素磺酸盐(LS)是亚硫酸盐制浆工艺的副产物,利用马来酸酐和丙烯酰氯分别与其反应进行改性,在分子中引入双键,然后在乳液中与丙烯酸酯单体接枝共聚,得到木质素基接枝共聚物,研究后发现,原LS与单体比为1∶5时,LS转化率仅为25.1%,接枝效率为26.3%,接枝率为129.5%;而采用马来酸酐和丙烯酰氯改性后的LS时,其木质素转化率分别为81.2%和83%,接枝效率达71.8%和72.6%,接枝率达378.3%和341.4%。改性产物的结构和共聚乳液的粒子形态分别用IR和TEM进行研究。     

造纸填料分散剂的合成

合成了造纸填料用分散剂，讨论了马来酸酐与丙烯酸比例，引发剂体系种类对树脂粘度及分散性的影响，结果表明：丙烯酸与马来酸酐的摩尔比为1．5时分散碳酸钙浆效果较好，而纯丙烯酸的分散性最佳，引发体系以过硫酸铵－亚硫酸氢钠－硫酸亚铁为优，亚硫酸氢钠占单体质量的13．5％，硫酸亚铁占单体质量的0．0067％，通过优化确定了合成的最优条件。     

基于无模式函数的冰片二烯/CO聚酮热分解特性研究

以源自α-蒎烯的冰片二烯和一氧化碳(CO)为原料,在乙酸钯/2,2'-联吡啶/三氟甲烷磺酸铜/硝基苯/甲苯/甲醇催化体系作用下合成冰片二烯/CO聚酮,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、元素分析对其进行结构表征,利用热重分析对其热分解特性进行研究,同时采用Kissinger、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)和Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)3种不同的热分析方法对其动力学进行研究。结果表明,冰片二烯/CO聚酮为分子质量较高且分子质量分布较窄的聚合物,易溶于弱极性溶剂;其热分解分为预热解、快速热解和残余物缓慢热解3个阶段,用Kissinger、FWO和KAS法计算的活化能(E_a)分别为189.05,197.74和198.29 k J/mol,表明热分解非一步反应过程;计算了动力学特征参数,K=1.32×10~(-3)s~(-1),熵变ΔS=-27.26 J/(mol·K),焓变ΔH=183.43 k J/mol,吉布斯自由能ΔG=201.87 k J/mol,表明热分解过程是不可自发进行的。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.