Evaluating the impacts of an international phytosanitary standard for wood packaging material: Global and United States trade implications

Wood packaging material (WPM) is a significant pathway by which bark- and wood-boring insects move between countries. Recognising this threat, an international standard for the treatment of WPM (ISPM 15) is being implemented by many countries. In addition, the United States has considered application of similar requirements to WPM used in domestic and bilateral trade with Canada. We use a domestic margin-inclusive version of the Global Trade Analysis model to estimate the economic and trade impacts of ISPM 15, along with alternatives of varying stringency. We also estimate the economic impacts of one of the benefits of ISPM 15; averted United States forest owner timber losses. ISPM 15 is likely to have a small, negative effect on exports and economic welfare for most countries. However, there is significant regional and sectoral variation, depending on the product mix traded. If ISPM 15 requirements are extended to United States domestic trade, the impacts on the United States are stronger. Inclusion of averted United States timber losses partly, but not completely, offset welfare and trade impacts of the ISPM 15 treatment. These results must be tempered with the additional benefits of ISPM 15 in terms of potential averted household and environmental damages.     

我国林业知识产权发展研究

随着经济全球化发展的深入,各国相继制定了知识产权战略以及知识产权保护制度。准确掌握国内外知识产权战略情况,将有助于推动我国林业知识产权的长期良性发展。文中概述美国、欧盟、日本、韩国以及我国的知识产权战略及特点,介绍我国2个林业企业国际维权的典型案例,统计分析我国林业知识产权发展情况,并提出思考和建议。     

Determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade: application of the gravity model

ABSTRACT

This study applied a gravity model estimation using panel data in order to analyze the impact of the determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade from 2001 to 2016.The gravity estimates imply the importance of size of the economies, distance, level of openness of the economy, population, forest resource endowments of Vietnam’s trade partners, Vietnam’s logging restrictions policy, common border, free trade agreement, and exchange rates as determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade. These variables were found to have different effects on the export and import of wood products. Vietnam’s access to the WTO and APEC did not help either its imports or exports in wood products. The results of this study also indicate that the Government of Vietnam needs to implement policies to increase investment in the wood processing industry, develop high quality wood materials from domestic plantations, and take advantage of trade preferences from new free trade agreements in order to promote wood product trade. The results of this study have implications for trade policy, resource-based economic development, and Vietnam’s forest resource conservation.     

国内外防护林研究综述

对前苏联、美国、日本等国的防护林建造历史及全球有较大影响的防护林工程(斯大林改造大自然工程、罗斯福工程、治山治水防护林建设工程、北非五国绿色坝工程)进行了简要介绍。总结了中国的防护林历史,简要介绍了"三北"防护林、沿海防护林、长江中上游防护林和退耕还林工程,同时首次系统地介绍了环洞庭湖防护林工程。对现代防护林学的树种选择、空间配置、综合效益、防护林成熟与衰退等重点研究领域进行了概述。     

Conditions of forest transition in Asian countries

This study identifies the important factors that contribute to or inhibit forest transitions in nine Asian countries: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam. A qualitative comparative analysis method was used to determine which conditions or combinations of conditions led to or prevented a forest transition. Under the condition of public ownership with no private forest tenure or ownership of forest land, there was no instance of forest transition among the nine countries studied. Under the condition of non-liberal timber trade policies, there was no instance of forest transition in the countries studied. The results of this analysis suggest that for a forest transition to occur, the country should liberalize timber import and provide forest tenure to the private sector. Based on these results, we argue that in order for a forest transition to take place or for REDD + to be effective, the state should allow for private sector to participate in forest management and create market conditions that meet the demand for timber via trade policy alignment.     

Comparative study of the forest transition pathways of nine Asia-Pacific countries

Forest transition (FT) over the last three decades has attracted much academic attention. In this paper we present a comparative study of FT to assess regional variety in nine countries in Asia: China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Laos and Vietnam, using data covering the years 1960–2010. This study's examination of changes in forest area demonstrates that Korea and Japan achieved FT before the 1980s, and that China, Vietnam, India and the Philippines achieved FT more recently, while Indonesia, Malaysia and Laos still experience forest cover decline. Economic development pathway and state forest policy pathway are most common in these nine countries. The globalization pathway is also found to contribute to FT, primarily in countries that are net importers of forest products. The land use intensification pathway is not identified in any of the nine countries. This study also observed that four countries (China, Vietnam, India and the Philippines) tend to achieve FT at relatively low income levels, which may point to the significance of state intervention in the region's countries via forest protection laws, national forest planning and afforestation programs.     

Trade in forest products between European Union and the Central and Eastern European access candidates

Patterns in forest products trade between European Union and Central and Eastern European access candidates were studied. The results indicated that both production and trade of forest products in Central and Eastern European countries in transition have considerably increased during the 1990s. The European Union has been the most important trading partner for CEE countries, even though the EU share from the external trade has been quite stable. The gravity models estimated explained approximately 66% of the variation in volume of bilateral trade flows in EU and CEE countries in 1997. Results indicated that trade between EU and CEE countries was below the level that would be expected on the basis of income and distance. A model separating the trade flows according to direction suggested that this is due to the low intensity of West–East trade, which probably originates in low levels of consumption of higher value-added products in CEE countries. East–West trade did not significantly differ from the average pattern.     

中美贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响

中美贸易摩擦是中美经济关系中的重要问题。2018年中美贸易摩擦爆发后,双边经贸关系曲折不断,木质林产品贸易面临极大考验。文中在梳理2015—2020年中美双边木质林产品贸易数据的基础上,分析贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响。结果显示,中美贸易摩擦对双边贸易规模具有较大影响,贸易总额、进口额和出口额均大幅下降;木家具和人造板等木质林产品贸易受到较大冲击,双方短期内均难以找到替代市场;中国从美国进口原木和锯材大幅下降,但中国木材供应和木材安全未受到威胁。未来,建议从增加国内木材供应、拓展替代市场、优化林业产业结构、建立国际国内双循环的林产品市场方面积极应对贸易摩擦。     

国外林区道路发展现状及启示

林区道路是林业和区域发展不可或缺的基础设施。德国、奥地利等较早实现工业化的欧洲国家林道建设起步早, 现已形成了与本国林业生产作业体系相适应的完善的林道路网体系。奥地利林道密度已达到89 m/hm2, 德国超过100 m/hm2, 英国、法国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家也具备了密集的林道路网体系, 而日本、印度、韩国和俄罗斯林道配置水平较低。文中概述了这些国家林区道路的发展现状和经验教训; 针对我国林区道路总量不足、等级低下等严重滞后问题, 提出合理提高林区道路密度和等级, 林道建设要科学规划合理配置、重视森林生态保护, 制定林道建设技术标准和规程, 减少对环境的负面影响等建议。     

RCEP对我国林产品贸易和投资的影响及政策建议

2020年11月15日,中国、东盟10国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰15个国家签署了《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》（RCEP）,标志着当前世界上人口最多、经贸规模最大、最具发展潜力的自由贸易区正式启航。文中从RCEP成立的背景、对我国经贸发展的意义、对我国林产品贸易投资的影响等方面展开分析,并结合当前我国林业产业的发展现状提出相关政策建议。该研究可为林草主管部门部署"十四五"时期我国林业对外经贸发展新路径提供决策参考,助力我国林业产业和林产品贸易实现高质量发展。     

部分发达国家草地碳汇近况及启示

2020年9月和12月,习近平总书记分别在联合国大会和气候雄心峰会上对我国应对气候变化作出重要宣示,对我国林草应对气候变化提出了明确要求,为推进林草碳汇创造了良好机遇。与森林碳汇相比,草地碳汇尚未得到重视和充分研究,而数据显示草地碳汇潜力巨大。美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、日本等从基础研究、方法学体系、碳汇项目试点、完善政策等方面对草地碳汇已进行了较为深入的探索,积累了一定经验。我国草地碳汇潜力巨大,具备了进一步发展的基础条件,将草地碳汇纳入碳市场可助力草原生态建设和生态产品价值实现。为此,我国应充分学习借鉴国外有益经验,进一步加强草地碳汇研究,完善草地碳汇的法律法规、标准、监测核证体系、方法学等基础准备工作,在内蒙古自治区等地启动草地碳汇交易试点,在试点基础上逐步推动草地碳汇纳入碳市场;同时,不断创新完善碳汇研究、基础准备、试点探索方面的政策,进一步展示我国应对气候变化的决心与行动,为应对气候变化树立样板。     

中国主要木制品国际贸易现状和趋势

我国加入世界贸易组织后,大量木制品开始走出国门,一定程度上提高了我国木制品的世界影响力与竞争力,对塑造民族品牌起到了积极作用。从全球范围内来看,对于木制品的需求逐步上升,尤其是美国、日本、欧盟等国家和地区,这给我国木制品加工企业带来了前所未有的机遇。然而,我国木制品在走向世界的过程中,也遇到了相关困难及贸易壁垒,这些都需要国内木制品企业进行有效应对,以便更好地适应新形势下的国际木制品市场需求。简述了世界和我国木制品及贸易的基本情况,分析了我国木制品拓展国际市场面临的机遇和挑战,在此基础上,提出了新形势下我国木制品深化发展的基本策略。     

欧盟尽职调查法案对我国木质家具贸易的影响及对策分析

近年来,非法采伐及相关木材贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注.木质家具是中国木质林产品出口中最重要的产品,同时出口欧洲的份额正呈现出不断增长的趋势,尽职调查法案的实施必将对我国木质家具贸易产生重大影响.笔者简述了欧盟尽职调查法案的出台背景、历史沿革和主要内容,分析了我国与欧洲联盟的木质家具贸易现状,探讨了尽职调查法案实施后对我国木质家具贸易的消极影响和积极影响,从政府和企业两个层面提出相应政策,在应对当前困境的同时以促进我国木质家具贸易的可持续发展.     

我国林业机械实施技术标准战略的思考

概述了欧盟、美国、日本和加拿大等发达国家和地区国家技术标准战略的核心内容,分析了发达国家在技术标准上竞争的特点。针对我国实施国家技术标准战略的紧迫性和必要性,介绍了我国技术标准战略的指导思想、总目标、各省市出台标准制修订的鼓励政策和已取得的成绩及存在的问题,指出我国林业机械标准化工作在实施我国国家技术标准战略的形势下应采取的措施。     

我国木制品行业如何应对反倾销与反补贴调查

介绍了我国木制品行业在欧盟、美国和加拿大遭遇反倾销与反补贴调查的现状,在此基础上分析了遭遇反倾销与反补贴调查的六种原因,并针对遭遇反倾销与反补贴调查的不同情况分别提出了相应的应对措施。     

中美贸易摩擦背景下木制品贸易现状和应对策略

近年来,我国出口产品结构优化加快,涉及领域日益广泛,其中木制品作为出口市场的重要组成部分,贸易额逐年提升,国际贸易市场范围进一步拓宽,在美国、欧盟等市场影响力快速提升。近几年来,受中美贸易摩擦影响,我国木制品贸易受到一定的冲击,贸易额出现波动。基于此,从维护我国木制品贸易安全角度出发,分析当前贸易现状,针对性地提出相关应对策略,为妥善处理各种问题和挑战提供借鉴。     

中国森林生态环境监测现状及环境质量

资源与生态环境监测是制定保护战略和实施保护行动的前提与基础。中国的森林生态环境监测工作在80~90年代有了较大的发展, 林业部和中国科学院先后建立起18个森林生态定位观测站, 并且在森林生态定位研究及监测的理论、网络建设、信息管理、监测技术方法等方面有了一定的基础。我国的森林生态环境面临着人工林地力衰退、生物多样性受到破坏、水土流失严重、森林病虫害、酸雨以及人为干扰等主要问题。     

美国对华加征关税对中国林产品出口的贸易阻碍与贸易偏转效应分析

文中首先整理2018—2019年美国对华加征关税的各轮产品清单及相关加征关税税率,检验美国对华实际关税税率变化对于中国各省（区、市）林产品出口表现的影响,包括上述关税变动冲击所产生的贸易阻碍和贸易偏转效应。研究发现:1）在美国对华加征关税清单公布和生效后,短期内美国对华实际关税税率的上升阻碍了中国林产品对美出口贸易,但中方恢复较快;2）美国对华实际关税税率的上升引发了中国林产品对其他主要贸易伙伴出口偏转规模的显著增加;3）上述贸易偏转效应显著存在于我国东部和中部地区。据此,建议我国政府部门与行业协会加强信息传递与风险预警能力,注重开发替代市场以保障林产品出口安全,并充分利用“双循环”发展机遇,加快实现林产品的国内产业生产转移及销售拓展。     

Elasticity of import demand for wood pellets by the European Union

Import demand for wood pellets by the European Union (EU) was investigated using a source-differentiated non-linear Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with monthly data from 2009 to 2015. Our research provides the first complete set of expenditure, price and cross-price elasticities for this rapidly expanding forest product market. Expenditure elasticities reveal that wood pellets from the United States have the most to gain from an expansion in EU expenditures, followed by Canada, while Russia has the least to gain. We attribute this result to differences in the quality, reliability and sustainability of wood pellet supply between the countries. The degree of substitution among the major suppliers was also assessed through cross-price elasticities.     

为林业生产服务的美国林业科技体制

本文着重介绍了美国林业科技队伍状况、科研经费来源、选题和科技成果推广体系。并结合中国国情提出了具体建议。