云南省西畴县猎蝽科昆虫多样性与区系研究

为了研究西畴县猎蝽科昆虫多样性状况和区系特征,于2016年6月-2017年10月,对西畴县猎蝽科昆虫进行调查,采用路线调查法,利用网捕,共采集猎蝽科昆虫标本67号,隶属于2亚科10属16种。多样性分析显示,物种丰富度指数以猛猎蝽属最高,其次为彩猎蝽属;多样性指数以猛猎蝽属最高,其次为脂猎蝽属;优势度指数以犀猎蝽属、真猎蝽属、素猎蝽属和盗猎蝽属最高,其次为壮猎蝽属;均匀度指数以彩猎蝽属最高,其次为猛猎蝽属。各种数量均较少,优势种不明显。随海拔变化,猎蝽科昆虫分布存在差异,以海拔1 100-1 200m物种丰富度和多样性指数为最高,海拔1 500-1 600m最低;同时,不同乡镇物种分布与多样性也存在差异。西畴县猎蝽科昆虫东洋区特征极显著,仅1种为东洋-古北区共有分布;同时,华南区特征明显,西南、华南、华中共有成分较多。     

贵州茂兰自然保护区猎蝽昆虫种类调查

文中记述了贵州省茂兰自然保护区的猎蝽6亚科32属49种,其中包括2个贵州新记录种,即：毛足菱猎蝽Isyndus pilosipes Reuter和锥头长头猎蝽Henricohahnia monticola Hsiao et Ren。     

湖南舜皇山蝽类昆虫种类与分布调查

采用路线调查法和标准地网捕法,对湖南东安舜皇山蝽类昆虫种类及分布进行了初步调查。结果表明：东安舜皇山共记载蝽类昆虫12科48属57种。从科级水平上分析,猎蝽科为优势科,所占比例为33．33％;从种级水平上分析,优势种十分突出,主要为瓦同缘蝽、环斑猛猎蝽和齿缘刺猎蝽。     

徐州半翅目异翅亚目昆虫种类及危害调查

采用踏查与标准地调查相结合的方法,系统调查了徐州半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的种类、发生与危害情况。结果表明,徐州异翅亚目昆虫共有10科34种,较历史记载的种类(5科20种)有显著增加,其中,蝽科种类最多(13种),占调查总种数的38.2%,较历史记载新增5种;缘蝽科次之(7种),占20.6%,新增5种;网蝽科和猎蝽科分别新增1种和5种。重要林木害虫有麻皮蝽、茶翅蝽、稻棘缘蝽、点蜂缘蝽、悬铃木方翅网蝽、梨冠网蝽和小板网蝽等,其中3种网蝽均为中度以上发生,特别是悬铃木方翅网蝽为重度发生,其风险性R值为1.64。蝽科的益蝽、蠋蝽、蓝蝽和猎蝽科的黑红赤猎蝽、短斑普猎蝽、暴猎蝽、黑叉盾猎蝽和黄纹盗猎蝽均为捕食性天敌昆虫。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽的发生危害及防治检疫对策

悬铃木方翅网蝽（Corythucha ciliate Say）属半翅目网蝽科网蝽属,主要危害悬铃木属树种,特别是对一球悬铃木（Patanus occidentalis）的叶片危害尤为严重。     

新疆首次发现杨赤叶甲的两种天敌

新疆首次发现杨赤叶甲的两种天敌文＼李勤忠张互朵朱保志李学斌图＼朱保志１９９７年７月至８月，在新疆堆城县清水河镇一大队一队农田房护林箭杆杨树上，发现杨赤叶甲的两种天敌。经鉴定，均属半翅目蝽科，其中一种是虫蜀敌属（虫蜀蝽），另一种是蓝蝽属蓝蝽。虫蜀敌是山...     

中黄猎蝽的初步研究

中黄猎蝽(Sycanus CroceouittatusDohrn)是半翅目,猎蝽科的一种捕食性昆虫,是马尾松毛虫等多种林业害虫的重要天敌。在马尾松毛虫发生的松林内常可见中黄猎蝽的成虫和若虫捕食松毛虫,对松毛虫等多种害虫的发生数量有一定的抑制作用。据我们了解,过去对中黄猎蝽捕食马尾松毛虫未见有报道。为了利用这种天敌昆虫,我们在     

林区灯下猎蝽的种类鉴别

猎蝽科我国已记录270余种(萧、任等1981),分属于14个亚科,除椎猎蝽亚科的种类吸血外,其余各亚科的种类均为捕食性,常在林木枝干或草丛间捕食鳞翅目幼虫及同翅目、鞘翅目等成虫、幼虫和卵。如黑脂猎蝽(Velitra nodipes Uhler)捕食马尾     

黑胫米缘蝽的初步研究

黑胫米缘蝽（ＭｉｃｔｉｓｆｕｓｃｉｐｅｓＨｓｉａｏ）属缘蝽科，米缘蝽属，为杂食性害虫，为害肉桂、木兰、白木香、假苹婆等植物。此虫以成虫在枯枝落叶层内越冬，竖年二月下旬越冬成虫开始活动，在广西桂平一年发生二代，少数三代，有世代重叠现象。     

祁连山自然保护区半翅目昆虫调查初报

于1994~2002年期间,通过林间调查采集标本鉴定、查阅历史资料,查对有关单位标本等方法,对祁连山保护区半翅目(Hem iptera)昆虫种类进行了全面调查,整理记录半翅目昆虫13科71种,其中:盲蝽科16种、土蝽科1种、长蝽科8种、红蝽科1种、蛛缘蝽科1种、缘蝽科4种、同蝽科4种、蝽科21种、异蝽科1种、网蝽科3种、姬蝽科5种、猎蝽科3种、花蝽科3种。按食性分,植食性的59种,捕食性的12种。查清了它们的分布,分析了生态学特征。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.