戊二醛交联木质素季铵盐-尿素颗粒的制备及其缓释性能的研究

为了探究木质素季铵盐包埋尿素的优化制备条件及其在缓释肥生产中的应用,以三甲基木质素季铵盐(L-QA)为原料,Span 80为分散剂,戊二醛为交联剂,采用反相悬浮法制备了戊二醛交联木质素季铵盐-尿素(GCL-QA-U)颗粒,通过FT-IR表征了其结构,探讨了不同条件对尿素包埋率的影响,以得到最佳制备工艺条件及产品,再利用水溶试验法和土柱试验法测定其缓释性能。结果表明:FT-IR分析表明L-QA中含有季铵根结构,初步认定尿素被包埋在L-QA中;L-QA含氮量为1.98%,GCL-QA-U含氮量为2.88%。GCL-QA-U颗粒制备最佳工艺条件在10 m L L-QA溶液中,戊二醛用量4 m L、反应时间2 h、转速200 r/min和Span 80用量1.0 m L,其最大尿素包埋率为41.61%;水溶试验(肥水比例1∶20)和土柱淋溶试验证明GCL-QA-U颗粒24 h尿素累积释放率分别为5%和3.86%,28天尿素累积释放率分别为79.47%和74.80%,符合缓释肥料GB/T 23348—2009的标准。     

杨木发酵乙醇剩余物制备缓释肥料

以杨木发酵乙醇剩余物、聚乙烯醇、尿素为原料,采用共混压片法制备缓释肥料。通过单因素试验和正交试验,分析各因素对缓释肥料缓释效果的影响,并优化制备条件。结果表明:各因素对缓释肥料的缓释效果的影响大小依次为尿素加入量剩余物加入量PVA质量分数,最优组合为剩余物用量:尿素用量=9:1,PVA质量分数为7%。对制备的缓释肥料在水中释放率做回归分析,所得模拟方程拟合度较高,能预测缓释肥料在水中释放率,为施肥提供指导。     

弱酸性起始条件合成聚乙烯醇改性脲醛树脂胶黏剂的工艺及性能研究

用聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为改性剂,在不同的弱酸性条件下合成脲醛树脂(UF),并用正交实验法得出了弱酸性起始条件合成聚乙烯醇改性脲醛树脂的最优工艺为:最终n(甲醛):n(尿素)=1.2:1、起始pH值为6.5、碱性阶段反应温度85℃、PVA加入量占尿素总量1%。用该工艺制备的PVA改性UF的游离甲醛含量、胶合强度均能满足GB/T 14732-2006标准要求,并且相应胶合板的甲醛释放量为4.80mg/L,达到了GB/T 9846.3-2004标准中E_2级指标要求。     

3种肥料品种的氮素养分静水释放试验

以3种不同肥料品种为试验材料,通过静水释放试验测定其氮素养分释放速率。结果表明,3种肥料的氮素养分释放曲线均呈“L”形;尿素在第3h的氮素累积释放率就达到了99．53％,而油茶专用肥（15-6-9）和掺混肥（15-6-9）在第23h的氮素累积释放率分别达到97．28％和99．36％。从长期累积释放情况来看,油茶专用肥缓释性优于掺混肥,更优于尿素。可见,添加有机质、经过造粒工艺处理,可在一定程度上减缓肥料养分的释放速率,有利于提高肥料利用率和降低肥料对环境尤其是对水的污染。     

低毒胶合板用脲醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

介绍了一种低摩尔比的脲醛树脂，用该树脂加入尿素、交联剂、甲醛捕集剂后生产的胶合板的甲醛释放量＜10mg/100g(穿孔法)，胶合强度达到Ⅱ类板要求。可制得低毒级胶合板。     

冷固型三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂胶粘剂的研制

为实现三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂(MUF-C)的常温冷固化,在不同固化剂作用下,研究了聚乙烯醇为改性剂的三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂(MUF-1)的性能特点,并借助核磁共振(13C-NMR)和动态热机械性能(DMA)分析,对树脂结构、热机械性能和固化性能进行表征。结果表明,聚乙烯醇改性树脂在初粘性及物理力学性能方面都能满足集成材用胶粘剂相关标准要求,有望作为一种集成材生产用胶粘剂;不同固化剂对树脂固化效果不同,以过硫酸铵为主剂的自制混合固化剂B作用下树脂固化性能最佳;相比于MUF-C,改性后的MUF-1体系中醚键、桥键总含量大,缩聚程度高,表现出更好的力学性能;在混合固化剂B作用下,MUF-C树脂固化起始温度明显降低,且其弹性模量大幅度增加;加入聚乙烯醇改性后的MUF-1树脂固化起始温度进一步降低。     

阿拉伯半乳聚糖-5-氟脲嘧啶的合成与缓释性能

以兴安落叶松木材加工剩余物中提取的阿拉伯半乳聚糖(AG)为原料,与5-氟脲嘧啶合成了载药率为6.38%的阿拉伯半乳聚糖-5-氟脲嘧啶(AGF).通过红外光谱和紫外光谱验证合成反应机理,并考察了AGF在pH值7.2的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中5-氟脲嘧啶的缓释性能,AGF缓释52 h后5-氟脲嘧啶的累积释放率为16.52%.     

高支化聚脲对脲醛树脂胶黏剂耐水性能和甲醛释放量的影响

引入高分子量、高支化度以及端基为尿素的高支化聚脲(HBPU)用于低摩尔比脲醛树脂(UF)改性,利用HBPU与游离甲醛的反应以及与UF组分的共缩聚反应实现树脂耐水性能的提升和人造板甲醛释放量的降低,有效平衡胶合性能和甲醛释放量之间的矛盾。在无溶剂、无催化剂条件下,通过尿素(U)与三(2-氨基乙基)胺(TAEA)的脱氨缩合反应,一步合成了具有尿素端基的HBPU,并对HBPU的分子量分布和结构进行了表征。使用HBPU水溶液,采用UF合成反应后期加入和共混2种方法对UF进行改性,通过胶合板性能测试以及甲醛释放量测定,考察了HBPU添加量和添加方式的影响。凝胶渗透色谱和碳-13核磁共振分析表明,通过本研究的合成方法可以获得具有高分子量、高支化度、尿素为端基且水溶性良好的HBPU,并且随着U与TAEA摩尔比的提高,更多尿素封端产物形成。电喷雾电离质谱对改性树脂的分析结果表明,HBPU不仅与UF中的一部分游离甲醛发生羟甲基化反应,同时与UF组分反应生成了部分共缩聚产物。胶合板性能测试结果表明,共混以及反应后期加入HBPU两种方式得到的改性树脂耐水性能均显著提升。同时,使用添加5%HBPU改性树脂制备的胶合板甲醛释放量较未改性树脂制备胶合板降低41%。HBPU改性同步实现胶合性能的提升和甲醛释放量降低的主要原因在于HBPU在提高树脂支化程度的同时,还起到捕捉游离甲醛的作用。解决UF胶合性能和人造板甲醛释放量之间矛盾的关键在于提升树脂的支化程度,同时降低树脂中游离甲醛的含量,而引入高分子量、高支化度、具有类似尿素反应活性的聚合物是同步实现胶合性能提升和甲醛释放量降低的有效途径。     

大豆蛋白标签胶交联改性研究

以分离大豆蛋白(SPI)与木薯淀粉为材料,通过尿素处理改性和交联剂交联改性方法制备大豆蛋白标签胶。结果表明,大豆蛋白基标签胶的最佳工艺为,液料比m(水)︰m(SPI)为10︰1,淀粉加入量20%,尿素加入量100%,交联剂加入量4.5%(占SPI),处理温度70℃,处理时间1.5h。此条件制备的标签胶黏度为6 670m Pa·s,粘接力184N,耐常温水性(20±2)℃≥240h。SEM分析表明,交联剂具有螯合和纳米的双重效应,使胶粒分散更均匀,机体结构更紧密。     

缓释型甲醛捕捉剂的制备及其在刨花板甲醛释放控制中的应用北大核心

为降低刨花板游离甲醛释放量,研究以尿素为功能性芯材,壳聚糖为壁材,采用乳化交联法制备具有缓释功能的微囊型甲醛捕捉剂,并将其应用于刨花板制备过程中。结果表明:在芯壁材比例为2∶1,水油比为1.5∶1,乳化剂用量2%的条件下制备的微囊型甲醛捕捉剂形状规则,平均粒径在50μm左右,芯材负载量和负载效率达到45.86%和68.76%。相较于未处理材,添加微囊型甲醛捕捉剂的刨花板在第1天、第14天、第28天的甲醛释放浓度分别降低了38.27%、49.74%和25.74%。以微囊型甲醛捕捉剂填充刨花板内部孔隙结构,在芯材缓释降解游离甲醛的同时,影响游离甲醛的扩散迁移路径,从而达到较好的甲醛控释效果。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.