兰考泡桐林分结构规律研究

通过对１１７块兰考泡桐地资料的分析，发现兰考桐一接干的高度与立地和苗木质量间存在着正相关，二次接干的高度与一接干的高度存在负相关，不同立地和不同年龄林分各径阶树高变化规律可用建立的兰桐标准树高曲线表达，兰考泡桐林分的直径结构可用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ密度函数或Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ生物种群模型恰当描述，但从预测的角度出发Ｌ－ＰＲＭ（Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ）较之ＰＲＭ（Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ）效果更好。     

泡桐胶合板材林最适经营密度及主伐年龄研究

通过对４０３块兰考泡桐外业调查资料的分析，发现兰考泡桐的直径分布可用Ｌ－ＰＲＭ进行预测；林分平均直径，任意高处的直径，单位面积胶合板材、檩材，椽材出材量可用建立的平均直径预估模型，干曲线方程，出材量预估模型进行预测。经检验其预测的精度能满足生产上的实际需要。用胶合板材出材量和内部收益率综合评价得出：４０立地指数级林地培育大中径级，中径级胶合板材的最适造林密度分别为每公顷２００株和２５０株，主伐年龄     

检查法林分生长预测及择伐模拟研究

检查法是一种适合于异龄林经营的集约作业方法，由于目前试验时间还较短（第１择伐周期１９８７－１９９２年），需要对其长期经营效果作出预测。文中提出了一种修正参数预测模型（ＭＰＰＭ）和线性规划方法相结合对于林分进行生长预测和择伐模拟研究的方法。拟合林分直径分布采用了形状灵活的Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布形式，使得这种方法很适合于异龄林分（反Ｊ形直径分布）的生长预测（当然也适于同龄林），特别是当径阶株数出现突然变化     

湿地松人工林直径分布收获模型的研究

本文在湿地松人工林直径分布遵从三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的基础上，建立了湿地松人工林直径分布收获模型。该模型采用参数回收法（ＰＲＭ），即采用林分因子的在值来回收Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的参数，保证了收获模型与林分回归模型的一致性。该模型不仅能输出林分的总体收获量，而且能输出各径阶的收获量。误差检验结果表明该模型使用精度较高。     

雷州半岛白骨壤种群直径分布规律

在林分生长模型研究中,选择描述林分直径分布的函数至关重要。以雷州半岛白骨壤种群为研究对象,对其开展直径调查,所得数据以偏度、峰度为指标,并运用正态分布、Weibull分布和Gamma分布等3种概率密度函数进行参数拟合检验,分析白骨壤种群的直径分布特征。研究结果表明:雷州半岛白骨壤种群以中小径阶居多,其偏度和峰度均大于0,直径分布曲线为左偏态,分布曲线比较陡峭,呈尖峰态;正态分布和Weibull分布的拟合效果较差,而Gamma分布则具有较好的拟合效果;通过建立Gamma分布参数预估方程,可预测林分各个径阶的株数及其动态变化。通过对雷州半岛白骨壤种群直径分布规律的调查研究,以期为雷州半岛白骨壤群落的经营管理以及利用提供一定的参考。     

杉木人工林直径结构预测模型的研究

将林分直径预测方法 L—PRM 应用于杉木人工林林分结构预测,其预估林分直径分布的合格率达86％,可应用于指导杉木人工林经营。     

一种与直径分布型无关的预测林分直径累积分布的方法

本文推导出一组联系林分平均直径生长和直径累积分布生长之间的方程式。根据这些方程建立的全林分生长模型和径阶模型或与距离无关的单木模型之间的关系，可以指导由林分断面积总生长向单木直径生长的分配。采用这一组方程，根据二个不同时间点上算术平均直径和均方平均直径回收生长模型和枯损模型中的参数，保证林分水平预测的结果和径级水平或单木水平预测的结果相容。采用一个误差函数来刻化相同直径林木在生长过程中的分化，证明了忽略这项误差函数可能导致预测的直径分布范围小于实际的范围。因此，加上一个误差函数预测直径分布在一定程度上提高了直径分布预测的精度。最后一个实例说明计算过程。     

林分直径枯损模型分析与研究

林分株数分布函数和林木生长模型在预估直径生长、径阶株数分布方面已经得到广泛的应用。本文在综合分析各种直径枯损模型的基础上，全面比较和检验了各种模型的适用性和预测精度。结果表明，利用林分株数分布函数或林木生长模型预估林分直径枯损分布，具有结构合理、适用性强及预测精度高等特征，成为预估林分枯损的最佳模型之一。     

Weibull分布在马尾松人工林中的适用性研究

用马尾松人工林间伐试验样地资料对Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的拟合、预测适用性进行了研究,结果表明,Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布对中、弱间伐强度的马尾松人工林直径分布拟合效果较好,但采用以林分平均直径预测值推算Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布参数的林分直径分布预测法对平均直径的预测精度要求很高,就所用资料而言,要求最低预测精度９５％￣９９％,而且间伐强度越大要求越高。中、强间伐强度的林要求９８％以上,精度不够的林分直径预测分布对材     

利用联立方程测算林分直径分布的初步研究

本文以辽宁省长白落叶松人工林资料为依据，建立了不同累积株数百分数直径的联立方程组，依此直接对林分直径分布进行预测。并与三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布函数预测结果进行了比较，其结果表明本方法的预测精度较高。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.