石榴皮中多酚提取条件的优化

运用正交试验对石榴多酚的乙醇提取条件进行了优化。考察了影响石榴皮中多酚提取效果的4个因素。结果显示,石榴皮中多酚的最佳提取条件为:20%(体积分数)乙醇作溶剂,料液比(g∶mL)1∶20,温度50℃,提取时间1 h,以该优化条件提取时,多酚粗提物的得率44.98%,纯度50.12%,即石榴多酚得率达到22.86%。     

桑叶总多酚筛选和分离纯化工艺研究

采用超声波和微波协同提取桑叶总多酚,Folin-Ciocalte法分析不同品种桑叶的总多酚含量,运用单因素试验和响应面法优化提取工艺,并考察不同种类大孔树脂对桑叶总多酚的纯化效果。结果表明,18个品种桑叶中大墨斗的总多酚质量分数最高,达到2.072%;灃24×苗33总多酚质量分数最低,仅为1.035%。湖桑87桑叶总多酚最佳提取工艺为:1 g桑叶粉末,液料比20∶1(mL∶g),提取时间93 s,微波功率326 W,超声波功率304 W,粗提物得率为14.7%,纯度为10.87%。筛选得到的较适合桑叶总多酚纯化的H103树脂的吸附量为15.57 mg/g,解吸率为88.67%,且较短时间内达到吸附平衡与解吸平衡。上样时吸附柱体积40 mL,上样量15 g粗提物,桑叶总多酚的最佳质量浓度为3 g/L,此时最佳洗脱条件为乙醇体积分数60%、洗脱流速2 mL/min、洗脱体积80 mL,此条件下,桑叶总多酚纯度由10.87%提高到65.45%,纯化过程中桑叶总多酚得率为84.7%。     

超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的研究

以陕西长枣皮为原料,采用超声波减压法提取其中多酚,通过单因素试验及正交试验L9(34)考察了各因素间的交互作用,优化了超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的条件。在此基础上,对比了常规浸提、超声浸提和超声波辅助减压提取三者对提取得率和提取时间的影响,并通过清除自由基能力(DPPH·)衡量了各种提取方法的优劣。结果表明:超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的最佳工艺参数为乙醇体积分数50%,提取温度55℃,液料比30∶1(mL∶g),超声波功率240 W,提取时间10 min,枣皮多酚得率可达5.05%,此条件下提取2次,多酚得率为6.33%,提取率即达97.37%;对比热浸提和超声波浸提,超声波辅助减压提取在明显缩短提取时间的同时又能显著提高枣皮多酚得率;清除自由基能力(DPPH·)测试表明超声波辅助减压提取所得的多酚粗提物活性最高,清除率88.4%,该方法能够更好的保护枣皮多酚的生物活性。     

盐肤木叶多酚提取及抗氧化活性初探

比较了热浸提、超声波辅助提取、微波辅助提取3种方法和水、乙醇、甲醇、丙酮4种不同溶剂对盐肤木叶多酚提取的影响.选择乙醇溶液和热浸提作为基本提取方法,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,结果显示盐肤木叶多酚的最佳提取条件是料液比1∶15(g∶mL),提取时间60 min,提取温度60℃,乙醇体积分数60％.提取的粗多酚溶液离心后直接干燥得到粗多酚粉末或经过乙酸乙酯萃取分离,烘干分别得到乙酸乙酯相干粉和水相粗多酚干粉,接着对获得的粗提物进行了多酚纯度测定和抗氧化等生物学功能检测.结果显示,3种粗多酚纯度分别为:直接干燥的37.53％,水相的为19.26％,乙酸乙酯相的为59.44％.提取物体外清除DPPH自由基能力大于维生素C,略小于商品化茶多酚.     

松树皮多酚的亚临界水提取及抗氧化活性初探

采用亚临界水从松树皮中提取多酚,考察了反应条件对多酚得率的影响,并与超声波辅助提取法和热回流提取法进行了比较,同时测定了亚临界水提取所得松树皮提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力.结果表明:亚临界水提取松树皮多酚的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度150℃、提取时间5min、液料比20∶ 1(mL∶g)、提取压力4MPa,多酚的提取得...     

甲醇提取塔拉单宁的工艺研究

以塔拉粉为原料,研究了不同溶剂对塔拉单宁提取的影响,并对塔拉单宁提取的最佳工艺进行了探索。结果表明,采用甲醇为提取剂,采用间歇法提取塔拉单宁,最佳工艺条件为:提取温度60℃,每次提取时间40 min,提取3次,每次1 h,液固比依次为4.5∶1(mL∶g,下同)、4∶1、4∶1,塔拉单宁粗提物得率67.2%～68.4%,相对误差1.77%,单宁纯度66.0%～67.5%,相对误差2.25%,单宁提取率91.5%。     

神秘果叶多酚的超声波提取工艺及其抗氧化能力

利用响应面法找出超声波提取神秘果叶多酚的最佳提取工艺,并考察其抗氧化性。在单因素试验的基础上,建立神秘果叶多酚的二次多项数学模型,1.0 g神秘果叶粉末,在液料比30∶1(mL∶g)条件下,所得到最优提取工艺条件为:丙酮体积分数58%、超声波时间72 min、提取温度48℃,实测得率为6.84%,与预测值(6.82%)基本相符。神秘果叶多酚对ABTS、DPPH和·OH自由基的清除作用均呈现量效关系,半数抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为51.81、13.40和28.91 mg/L,表明神秘果叶多酚具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

油茶籽饼多酚的乙醇提取工艺优化研究

研究了油茶籽饼多酚的乙醇提取优化工艺,将正交试验设计方法和BP人工神经网络分析方法相结合,充分挖掘正交试验数据信息,通过仿真模拟和优化,获得油茶籽饼多酚的乙醇较优提取工艺条件:乙醇浓度为60%,提取时间为3.5 h,提取温度为70℃,料液比为1∶15。     

超声波-酶法提取油茶多酚的工艺研究

试验采用超声波-酶法提取油茶粕中的多酚,以多酚得率为指标,考察加酶比、料液比、乙醇浓度、温度、时间对油茶多酚得率的影响,在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过三因素三水平响应面分析法对油茶多酚的提取条件做进一步的优化。通过优化所得的最佳提取工艺条件为:加酶比1∶2、料液比1∶23(g/mL)、乙醇浓度55%、温度50℃、时间0.85h,在此条件下多酚得率18.94mg/g。与理论值相比偏差较小,相对误差2%,表明该模型是合理的,可以用来作为油茶多酚提取的最佳工艺条件。     

漆树多酚的负压提取工艺及其抑制酪氨酸酶活性的研究

采用负压提取工艺从漆树中提取漆树多酚,并研究其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用。通过单因素和响应曲面试验优化负压提取漆树多酚的最佳工艺条件为真空度0.082 MPa,乙醇体积分数83%,时间1.5 h,液料比20∶1(m L∶g),提取次数2次,漆树多酚得率为2.193%。通过溶剂逐级萃取漆树多酚,得到含漆树多酚53.43%的乙酸乙酯萃取物,其对酪氨酸酶具有较强作用,抑制率为63.4%,相对抑制率50%的乙酸乙酯萃取物质量浓度为308 mg/L。对酪氨酸酶单酚酶的抑制效应表现为迟滞效应,500 mg/L乙酸乙酯萃取物能将反应初速度由29μmol/(L·min)降至8μmol·(L·min)。通过Lineweaver-Burk图显示对二酚酶的抑制作用表现为混合型抑制。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.