浙南次生阔叶林群落结构特征研究

浙南次生阔叶树种资源丰富,常见的自然恢复乔木阔叶树种达60余个,频度大于10%的有青冈、木荷、苦槠、白栎、甜槠、枫香、红楠、野漆、栲树、樟、冬青、檫木、野柿和杨梅14个;但树种总量较为集中,其中青冈、木荷、苦槠和白栎4个树种的立木总量占全部阔叶树种的65.14%。天然恢复条件下林分一般由1～5个乔木树种组成,其中乔木树种4个以下的占48.3%,乔木阔叶树种4个以下的占乔木树种4个以下的57.4%,只有10%的样地乔木树种数量超过10个;单位面积的乔木树种在3000株/hm2以下的占89.9%,不足2000株的占78.7%,1000株以下的占32.6%。根据各样地乔木层主要树种的重要值,浙南次生常绿阔叶林中青冈、苦槠、木荷、甜槠、枫香、石栎、米槠等种群为群落的优势种群。     

昌北地区主要树种燃烧性研究

通过昌北地区25种树种的枝、叶含水率、失水率和燃烧时间的分析,得出喜树、木荷、鹅掌楸、珊瑚树、金钱松、马尾松、油茶、女贞、冬青、广玉兰是难燃树种;山杜英、杉木、雪松、白玉兰、四川山矾是可燃树种;柳杉、悬铃木、夹竹桃、水杉、加杨是较易燃树种;樟树、红翅槭、石栎、泡桐、毛竹是极易燃树种。     

千岛湖区常绿阔叶林主要树种育苗技术初报

通过对千岛湖区青冈、苦槠、石栎、木荷等4种常绿阔叶林主要树种的育苗试验表明,抓好选圃作床、采种、播种和苗期管理等各个环节,才能生产优质壮苗.     

浙南山区生物防火阻隔林带营造技术试验

通过生物防火林带结构模式的研究,对泰顺县火灾现场进行实地调查后,研究和分析常绿阔叶林中不同植物种类的抗火性、耐火性和燃烧性,筛选出用于生物防火林带建设的植物种类,并进行生物防火林带造林试验、结构与配置、造林规格及位置的研究.试验表明,由乔木-亚乔木-灌木构成复层结构,配置境界、主、副防火林带,结合山脊、山谷位置的防火林带,能达到理想的生物防火效果;对木荷、杨梅、茶叶等17个树种进行枝叶含水量和抗燃时间的测定的结果表明,杨梅、木荷、女贞、山杜英、甜槠、广玉兰、红花油茶、油茶、茶叶等树种可选为生物防火林带造林,其防火和阻燃性能比较理想.开展生物防火林带造林,经检查造林保存率与成活率均在85%以上,幼树生长良好     

开化县公益林甜槠常绿阔叶林群落特征研究

常绿阔叶林是钱江源地带性植被,其主要建群种为甜槠和木荷,其次是青冈栎和苦槠,该地区的甜槠常绿阔叶林可分为甜槠-木荷林、甜槠林、甜槠-青冈-木荷林、栲树-甜槠林等4种类型。甜槠种群大小结构划分为以下两类:增长型和稳定型。甜槠群落的发育过程可以归纳如下:马尾松-木荷-甜槠林→木荷-甜槠林→甜槠-木荷林。     

德兴常绿阔叶林乔木层优势种群的生态位

基于对德兴常绿阔叶林的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,测算了30种乔木层优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:木荷、石栎、甜槠、丝栗栲种群的生态位宽度最大,而油茶、石楠由于在常绿阔叶林中环境适应性较差,仅能利用极其有限的资源,成为特化种,生态位宽度为0。生态位宽度较大的树种间生态位重叠较大,如木荷、石栎、甜槠等,生态位重叠值均在0.55以上。255个种对的生态位重叠值<0.2,占全部计算种对的58.6%,而>0.5的种对仅占7.4%,各树种间生态位的重叠程度不高,不同树种因利用相同的资源而产生的种间竞争并不激烈,这是树种间长期的竞争和适应的结果。     

中国南部九连山常绿阔叶林的区系组成和林分结构

在中国南部的九连山研究了天然的和择伐过的常绿阔叶林的树种组成和林分结构.主要构成树种是常绿阔叶的栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、罗浮栲(C.fabri)、甜槠栲(C.eyrei)、米槠栲(C.carlesii)、南岭栲(C.fordii)、鹿角栲(C.lamontii)和木荷(Schima superba).常绿针叶树种的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)也是主要成分.马尾松在坡脊和坡的上部占优势.许多落叶阔叶树种,如光皮桦(Betula luminifera)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)以较低的优势与常绿阔叶树种共同出现.它们补丁状分布在择伐过的林分中.种内的分布格局和种间的空间分布关系表明,主要构成种之间的空间集中分布地的分离是在一个小的尺度上.     

The ecological niche of dominant tree species in the evergreen broad-leave forest of Dexing citv

基于对德兴常绿阔叶林的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,测算了30种乔木层优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明:木荷、石栎、甜槠、丝栗栲种群的生态位宽度最大,而油茶、石楠由于在常绿阔叶林中环境适应性较差,仅能利用极其有限的资源,成为特化种,生态位宽度为0.生态位宽度较大的树种间生态位重叠较大,如木荷、石栎、甜槠等,生态位重叠值均在0.55以上.255个种对的生态位重叠值＜0.2,占全部计算种对的58.6％,而＞0.5的种对仅占7.4％,各树种间生态位的重叠程度不高,不同树种因利用相同的资源而产生的种间竞争并不激烈,这是树种间长期的竞争和适应的结果.     

阳际峰自然保护区大样地群落结构特征

常绿阔叶林是亚热带地区占优势的植被类型.以往对亚热带常绿阔叶林的研究通常基于小尺度的研究,缺乏大尺度上的长期固定样地监测.本文基于江西阳际峰国家级自然保护区的25 hm2植被动态监测大样地,描述了该样地所属典型亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落结构特征.大样地内共记录到34176个植株(DBH≥2 cm),这些植株分属于49科65属115种.按物种重要值排序,大样地内优势木本植物种(重要值大于2.0)的8个种为:米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)、山杜英(Elaeocarpus sylvestris)、虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum oldhami)、浙江楠(Phoebe chekiangensis)、山苍子(Litsea cubeba).植株径级分布呈明显的倒"J"形.     

黄山市森林防火树种的选择与研究

对黄山市38个不同树种的防火特性进行了全面系统分析,运用层次分析法和系统聚类方法对不同树种的燃烧性、生物学抗火特性以及经济现状与环境适应性等进行综合评判排序和聚类分析,筛选出适合黄山市森林防火树种24种,其中一级防火树种9种:木荷、杨梅、青冈栎、甜槠、深山含笑、石栎、油茶、苦槠、珊瑚树;二级防火树种15种:桂花、女贞、茶树、枇杷、光皮桦、冬青、厚皮香、石楠、香樟、侧柏、麻栎、柑桔、柏木、栓皮栎、交让木。并对不同立地、区位的森林生物防火带建设的树种选择进行了探讨和分析。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.