过氧化氢漂白富纤维素材料制备透明纤维素膜研究

为有效分离生物质组分,探索以分离后的生物质组分制备透明纤维素膜的方法,实现生物质原料的高效利用,以蔗渣和杨木为生物质原料,经苯醇抽提、离子液体体系组分分离处理后,利用碱性过氧化氢体系漂白组分分离所得富纤维素材料(CRM),通过三因素混合水平正交实验优化漂白工艺,分析其漂白前后的CIE L*a*b*色度学参数差异,并利用超声处理漂白后的蔗渣CRM以制备透明纤维素薄膜。结果表明,过氧化氢对富纤维素材料具有明显的漂白作用及脱除木质素的作用,其中对蔗渣CRM的漂白效果比杨木CRM的更为显著;最优漂白条件为:反应温度75℃、过氧化氢浓度15%、反应时长1 h,其中反应温度对实验结果的影响最大;经漂白后的CRM可经超声处理制备具有较好透光性能的纤维素膜。     

用甜瓜制备乙醇的方法

目前，制备乙醇的方法主要有合成法和生物发酵法。生物发酵法使用不同的原料，即分为：淀粉制乙醇、糖蜜制乙醇和纤维素制乙醇。甜瓜，成熟果含糖量可达8％-15％，最高可达20％，其根系发达、分布广、具较强耐旱力，在我国各地均有种植。因此，我们提供一种用甜瓜制备乙醇的方法，该方法可充分利用现有资源，缓解乙醇生产原料的不足。     

纤维素废弃物制取乙醇

该成果提供了一种以纤维素废弃物为原料生产燃料乙醇的方法.以生物质废弃物为原料生产然料乙醇,在国内首次建成由纤维素废弃物生产酒精的示范工程,达到年产乙醇600吨的规模,并实现连续运行.     

纤维素废弃物制取乙醇技术

该成果提供了一种以纤维素废弃物为原料生产燃料乙醇的方法.以生物质废弃物为原料生产燃料乙醇,在国内首次建成由纤维素废弃物生产酒精的示范工程,达到年产乙醇600吨的规模,并实现连续运行.     

液化技术预处理杨木制备燃料乙醇的效果研究

以速生杨木为原料,采用液化技术进行预处理后发酵制备燃料乙醇。探讨了预处理温度、时间、催化剂用量及液比对乙醇得率的影响。采用响应面法建立二次回归模型,并对预处理工艺进行了优化。研究结果表明液化技术预处理能有效的促进杨木降解,提高乙醇的得率。当预处理温度为107.78℃、预处理时间为83.70 min、催化剂用量为3.01%时,燃料乙醇的得率比相同条件下未进行液化预处理的试样提高了24.21%。     

纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的初步研究

以纤维素乙醇木质素、苯酚、甲醛为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,制备了纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂,研究了木质素替代苯酚的工艺以及对胶黏剂性能的影响。研究发现:当木质素替代率为30%时,纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂胶合强度达到国家Ⅰ类板要求,甲醛释放量达到Eo级,且成本低、胶合强度好、低毒环保,可广泛用于制备室外级人造板。     

蒸汽爆破法预处理木质纤维原料的研究

木质生物资源可以用来生产乙醇,但其结构与化学成分阻碍了纤维素对酶的可及性,因此必须对原料进行预处理,从而有效地酶解纤维素。蒸汽爆破法预处理木质生物资源。可有效去除半纤维素。分离出活性纤维。并且成本低,不用或少用化学药品。对环境无污染。     

杨木定向木片层积材的制备工艺初探

以杨木碎单板条为原料制备定向木片层积材(OSL),研究了单板条长度、宽度、热压时间与板材密度,对杨木OSL性能的影响。结果表明:板材密度是影响OSL性能的最主要因素;采用优化工艺生产的杨木OSL,性能远超EN300-2006中OSB/4等级板材性能要求。     

响应面优化微波预处杨木发酵制备燃料乙醇研究

以速生杨木为原料,采用微波对杨木进行预处理,并用酵母发酵制备乙醇。探讨了微波功率、酵母用量、发酵时间及发酵温度对乙醇产率的影响。采用响应面法建立二次回归模型,并对发酵工艺进行了优化。研究结果表明,微波处理能有效的促进水解,提高乙醇的浓度。在微波功率540 W、发酵温度33.5℃、时间94 h、酵母的用量0.32%时,乙醇的浓度可达11.02%。     

乙酸-亚硫酸盐两步预处理对杨木木质素吸附纤维素酶的影响

以杨木为原料,采用乙酸预处理制备低聚木糖后,对固体残渣进行亚硫酸盐预处理移除木质素,以提高杨木纤维素的酶解效率,但该两步预处理对杨木木质素结构及其非生产性吸附酶的影响仍不明确。笔者考察了乙酸-亚硫酸盐两步预处理对杨木酶水解率、木质素结构和木质素理化性质的影响,探讨了该两步预处理对杨木木质素吸附及脱附纤维素酶的特性。结果表明,两步预处理后杨木残渣中木质素含量减少,当酶添加量为20 FPU/g干物质量时,纤维素水解得率从32.4%增加到67.1%。乙酸-亚硫酸盐预处理后木质素(AA-AS-lignin)的Zeta电位、疏水性及分子量减小,而其紫丁香基与愈创木基结构单元数量比值S/G、酚羟基及硫元素的含量增加。相比未预处理的木质素(BM-lignin),AA-AS-lignin对纤维素酶水解的抑制率从1.0%增加到16.5%。AA-AS-lignin对纤维素酶的吸附增强,结合强度从24.7 mL/g(BM-lignin)增大到72.1 mL/g。乙酸-亚硫酸盐预处理降低了木质素对纤维素酶的脱附能力,纤维素酶的脱附回收率从61.1%降低到28.8%,且相较于BM-lignin,结合在AA-AS-lignin上的纤维素酶的水解活力较低。研究结果可指导乙酸-亚硫酸盐预处理后杨木的高效纤维素酶水解,为实现杨木的多组分转化利用提供了新思路。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.