马尾松二代无性系种子园的花期同步性

【目的】研究马尾松二代种子园无性系的开花物候特征、花期同步性、结实状况及气候影响因子,评价无性系花期同步性规律,指导种子园经营生产及提高种子遗传品质与产量。【方法】连续2年对浙江省淳安县姥山林场马尾松二代无性系矮化种子园的22个无性系进行花期、花量和结实性状调查,分析其开花物候与花期同步指数。【结果】各无性系雌雄球花整体花期持续时间为8～17天, 2014年始花期相对于2013年滞后约6天,且持续时间缩短约6天。整体水平上,年度内雌球花及雄球花的各花期时长差异较小;无性系的始花期和盛花期的物候特征年度间存在差异, 2014年无性系内雌雄球花开花的同步性更强。无性系的开花物候受气候因素影响较大,这使得无性系间开花同步程度降低,花期同步指数变异增加, 2013年和2014年花期同步指数变化范围分别为0.041～0.556和0.284～0.802,无性系的平均变异系数分别为32.3%和16.8%。各无性系分别作为父、母本时,年度内无性系花期整体同步性水平差异较小,表现出无性系作为父本时的散粉期整体的同步性要高于作为母本时的可授粉期的同步性。年度间无性系作为父、母本及自交的花期同步指数均有极显著差异, 2014年各无性系的花期同步指数在整体水平均高于2013年,但自交指数在年度间无显著差异。相关分析表明,雌球花越多的无性系的球果数越多;而雌球花花期持续时间越长的无性系座果率越高;不同年度的雌球花盛花期和花期的持续时间均与千粒质量指标呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】浙江姥山林场马尾松二代无性系种子园雌、雄球花的花期具有较好的同步性,无性系间没有出现花期不遇现象。无性系交配组合的雌球花可授粉期和雄球花的散粉期影响了种子园无性系的种实品质及座果率。连续2年的观测表明无性系间花期整体同步性水平存在差异,且这种差异与二代种子园无性系的亲本遗传背景有关。各无性系分别作为父、母本时,表现出无性系作为父本时的散粉期整体的同步性要高于作为母本时的可授粉期的同步性,无性系作为父本和母本时花期同步指数呈负相关,且种子园内存在1/3无性系具有高于异交平均水平的自交可能性,是马尾松二代种子园管理和无性系再选择应综合考虑的因素。     

华山松种子园无性系开花习性研究

云南楚雄华山松种子园的无性系,其雌球花着生在树冠外围枝条,而雄球花主要着生在树冠的内膛枝条。在水平方向上,雌球花多着生在树冠南部,雄球花的分布比较均衡;在垂直方向上,雄球花基本分布在树冠的中下部,雌球花则分布在树冠的中上部。大多数无性系的雄球花散粉期比雌花可授期早2~4 d;不同无性系间的雌雄花期具有一定的同步性。各无性系间雌、雄球花数量存在极显著差异,且有明显的偏雌或偏雄特性。雄球花量与无性系生长性状间存在显著正相关,雌球花量与树体生长相关性不显著。     

马尾松二代种子园无性系开花物候观测

[目的]在用材林高世代种子园建园材料选择时,最初重点考虑的是其速生性,而对优树的开花物候关注较少。在高世代种子园营建时,无性系的配置常根据其种源在大范围内考虑其开花物候的遗传因素,但即使是小范围内相同种源的无性系,其开花物候也不可能绝对同步。因此,了解种子园无性系的开花物候,可为种子园的集约经营、产量预测、种子遗传品质调控等提供依据。[方法]于2012—2013年,在桂阳县苗圃马尾松二代种子园Ⅰ大区、Ⅴ大区分别随机选取不同类型的无性系10个和25个,对其开花物候进行观测。[结果]表明:不同无性系的雌、雄球花花期起止日期和持续时间均有差异,但无性系间雌、雄球花花期值差异均未达显著水平,35个无性系总体雌、雄球花花期具有一定的同步性;35个无性系雌、雄球花的初花期基本同步,雌、雄球花的盛花期和末花期同步。株间花期差异相对于无性间要大,但雄球花花期较早的植株,其雌球花花期也较早,同一株建园亲本的雌、雄球花花期有一定的同步性。除雌球花的末花期与雄球花的初花期呈微弱负相关外,雌、雄球花的初花期、盛花期、末花期间均呈极显著或显著正相关。各花期的相关性呈现初花期和盛花期的相关盛花期和末花期的相关初花期和末花期的相关,雌球花初花期与雄球花初花期的相关系数最大。坡位对母树的花期有极显著影响,生长在不同坡位的植株,其雌、雄球花花期值差异明显,其大小均为上坡中坡下坡。坡位对花期影响最大的是雌球花的初花期,其次是雄球花的初花期、雌球花的盛花期、雄球花的盛花期,而对雌、雄球花的末花期影响最小。偏北产地无性系的花期相对较早,不同的无性系类型,其雄球花的盛花期和雌球花的初花期的差异显著;雄球花的初花期、末花期以及雌球花的盛花期和末花期差异均不显著。不同的年份,雌、雄球花花期的早晚差异很大,2012年最早初花期较2013年最早初花期早25 d。[结论]桂阳马尾松二代种子园35个无性系总体雌、雄球花花期具有较好的同步性;从开花物候方面考虑,该种子园建园材料选择较合理,对种子园种子产量和遗传品质没有影响。     

油松无性系开花物候特点的研究

在河南卢氏油松种子园对46个无性系结实初期和结实盛期开花物候作了观测，结果表明，一般雌球花可授期比授期比雄球花散粉期来得早，持续时间长，散粉期含在可授期内，散粉期和可授期同步性较好；在不同年份开花始期前后相差2-3d，开花始期早晚与当年≥10℃的活动积温有关，由于受花期温度和降雨等因素的影响，不同年份花期长短可相差10d左右，但不存在花期不遇，不同无性系在开花物候上存在很大差异，但在不同年份各无性系在始花时间上序次则相对稳定，无性系内分株间开花物候仅有1-2d的差异，位于树冠北向的雌雄球花各日期在开花频率上与其它3个方位有较大差异。始花期推后1d左右，此外，还研究了开花物候对同步指数的影响，以及不同物候类型授粉效率的差异。     

马尾松种子园花期观察与分析

马尾松种子园花期观察与分析吴强单翠英（重庆市忠县林业局）易东谭定群（忠县国营巴云林场前言本文通过对马尾松种子园２７个无性系花期的观察,结果表明：雌雄花期历时１３天,雄球花散粉盛期只有３．３天,雌球花可授粉盛期有６天;无性系间及无性系内分株间花期差异明...     

湿地松种子园无性系开花习性遗传变异的研究

湿地松种子园无性系花期长短和早晚因无性系而异,且与花前的积温,特别是当年1-3月的积温,花期内温、湿度等主要气候因子有关。多数无性系散粉期比授粉期短而集中,且相互重叠。少数无性系花期部分不遇或完全不遇。不同无性系雌雄花的着生量极不平衡,1/4的无性系对子代的贡献率为45％以上,而另外的1/4则仅为15％左右。不同年度着花量也不一样,雄球花呈增长趋势,雌球花则明显受结实周期的影响。胸径生产对着花量影响较大,适当增加胸径生长对提高种子园着花量是行之有效的。     

东北红豆杉有性生殖器官形态建成观察

本文对东北红豆杉雌、雄球花及果实发育形态建成和生殖物候进行观察,结果表明:花芽形成于上一年7—9月,雌球花在树冠上的分布较均匀,雄球花绝大多数分布于树冠的中下部,雌、雄球花多着生在树冠外部枝条叶腋处。4月中旬珠柄伸长,胚珠外露,胚珠珠孔液滴出现,小孢子叶球伸出、散粉。4月下旬至5月初胚珠珠孔液滴和小孢子叶球散粉出现盛期和末期。珠孔接受花粉最佳时期与散粉期均为7~10 d,雌、雄植株花期同步性较高。授精后,子房开始膨大生长,7、8月份为果实膨大期,9月上旬,假种皮初熟。9月中旬至下旬,果实直径最大。9月中旬至10月下旬假种皮陆续成熟、干枯。10月上旬至11月上旬果实陆续成熟、脱落。     

日本落叶松(种子园)雌球花开花盛期和雄球花的散粉时间的研究

一、前言笔者以前观察了雌球花的开花过程。确认从苞鳞大部分露出,到能看出着生在球花柄上的针叶这一段时间是雌球花受容性最高时期。此期间称为开花阶段3。这次研究了开花阶段3,即雌球花开花最盛期开始和整个期间各无性系之间的差别,以及跟雄球花散粉期间的关系。据此将探讨雌、雄球花开花期间交配的机会和自系授粉的可能性。     

闽北山地不同世代杉木种子园球花产量调查

通过对闽北2个不同世代杉木种子园无性系球花产量的分析,结果表明,(1)杉木2代、1代种子园建园无性系雌、雄球花产量在树冠内的水平分布均表现为由内至外依次递增的规律,不同方位的差异较小。(2)球花在树冠上的垂直分布具有较为明显的成层性,雌、雄球花分别主要着生在树冠的中上部及中下部,但球花成层性在无性系间差异明显,且雄球花较雌球花的成层性更为稳定。(3)无性系间雌、雄球花产量差异巨大,少数无性系球花产量的垄断现象明显,不同世代种子园无性系球花产量无显著差异。(4)2个不同世代种子园均存在严重偏雄的现象,无性系间雄、雌球花性别比差异较大,雌球花过少的无性系所占的比重太大,不利于种子园的丰产。(5)种子园雌、雄球花产量可作为种子园健康状况的良好诊断指标。(6)杉木无性系开花习性具有较生长性状更高的变异系数,为无性系的再选择提供了事实依据。     

闽西引种不同薄壳山核桃无性系花期物候特征比较

对闽西引种的16个不同薄壳山核桃无性系花期物候特征进行比较,结果表明,供试不同无性系的雄、雌花期存在差异,其中雄花盛花天数5~12 d,开放总天数12~23 d;雌花盛花天数3~9 d,开放总天数9~19 d。雄花散粉期天数5~20 d,雌花可授期天数9~23 d,相同无性系的可授期与散粉期相遇天数为5~12 d,不同无性系的可授期与散粉期相遇天数为20 d。通过本次花期观测,初步了确定较优的无性系组合配置。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.