不同工艺提取栀子黄色素的比较研究

比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响。热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件：70％的乙醇（体积分数，下同）提取1．5h，提取温度30℃，料液比1：25（g：mL，下同），产品的色价为66．45。超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件：80％的乙醇提取20min，料液比1：20，产品的色价为87．77。微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件：提取功率800W，用50％乙醇提取30min，提取温度50℃，料液比1：5，色价为64．14。结果表明：热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同，超声波提取的效果最好。     

响应面法优化水栀子多糖提取工艺的研究

研究栀子多糖的提取工艺,并采用响应面分析法对水栀子多糖的提取工艺进行优化.采用单因素选取实验因素与水平.根据Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理进行3因素3水平的响应面分析法.以栀子多糖提取率为响应值,进行响应面分析.在分析各因素显著性及交互作用的基础上,得出提取栀子多糖的最佳工艺条件,即提取温度90℃,提取时...     

萃取法提取洋葱中类黄酮的研究

以市售鲜洋葱为原料，乙醇为萃取溶剂，对洋葱中的类黄酮进行提取，分别探讨了提取时间、提取温度和固液比3个单因素条件对洋葱中类黄酮提取率的影响，并结合单因素实验结果进行了正交实验，以此得出了最佳提取条件。实验结果表明：乙醇的体积分数为95％时，洋葱中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取条件为：提取时间4h ，固液比为1∶1．5（g/mL ），提取温度为40℃，在此条件下洋葱中黄酮类化合物的提取率为0.0137％。     

乙醇沉淀法提取石榴皮中多糖类研究

以石榴皮为原料，在进行单因素试验的基础上，对料液比、沉淀时间做了均匀设计试验，得到乙醇沉淀法提取石榴皮中多糖类化合物的非线性回归方程为：y=1.650—0．295x1-0．006x2＋0．103x1^2，进而获得最佳提取条件为：料液比1：5，沉淀时间2h，离心时间10min。     

地钱总黄酮提取的研究

用正交试验法对地钱(Marchantia polymorpha L．)中的黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了优选研究，采用正交表L16(4^5)，以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取剂中乙醇含量以及料液比为因素，以总黄酮显色液的吸光度为指标进行试验。得到了最佳提取参数及结果：温度为70℃，时间0．5h，提取次数3次，提取溶剂为80％的乙醇，料液比为1：15，提取率1．90％，纯度95．83％。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助乙醇/盐双水相萃取栀子中京尼平苷

采用超声波辅助乙醇/盐双水相萃取技术对栀子中京尼平苷的提取分离效果进行了系统研究,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应曲面试验设计进行优化,进一步比较了该方法与超声波溶剂提取法、热回流提取法等传统方法对京尼平苷的提取效果。结果表明:超声波辅助乙醇/盐双水相萃取的最佳工艺条件为构建10.0 g乙醇/NaH_2PO_4双水相体系,其中加入无水乙醇4 m L(即体系中乙醇质量分数为31.56%),NaH_2PO_4质量分数为15.00%,超声波温度为30℃,超声波时间为30 min,栀子干粉加入量为0.03 g,上相中京尼平苷的得率为51.77 mg/g。该方法提取时间短、提取温度较低,而且得率较高,对栀子中京尼平苷的提取效果明显优于超声波溶剂提取法和热回流提取法等传统方法。     

动态浸提提取栀子黄色素工艺研究

以除油栀子粉为原料,乙醇水溶液为浸提溶剂,进行乙醇回流动态浸提提取栀子黄色素,考察各个因素对栀子黄色素的提取率的影响,并与传统浸提提取工艺对比,说明动态浸提提取工艺的先进性。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为:60%乙醇溶液为浸提溶剂、溶液pH值7.0、提取温度60℃、每次提取时间1h、固液比1∶10g/mL、提取次数2次,在此条件下栀子黄色素的提取率达到94.23%,精制后栀子黄色价70、栀子苷含量0.2%(以色价10计进行换算);同时得到栀子苷和绿原酸,提取率分别为90.81%和85.32%。     

苦丁茶黄酮类化合物的提取与分析

采用不同浓度的乙醇溶液提取苦丁茶中的黄酮类化合物,通过提取效果的对比,确定了合理的乙醇浓度为70%～80%.研究表明,与单纯采用溶剂提取相比,采用超声振荡辅助提取对黄酮类化合物的相对提取率影响较小,但是可以缩短提取时间、降低提取温度,有利于提取过程中生物活性成分的保持.与小叶苦丁茶(粗壮女贞)相比,在相同提取和分析条件下,浙江本地产的大叶苦丁茶(大叶冬青)中黄酮类化合物含量较多.     

地榆根提取低聚原花青素的研究

对吉林地区野生地榆根低聚原花青素（OPC）进行了提取分离工艺研究。考察了溶剂体积分数、原料粒度、料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数等6个因素对地榆根提取低聚原花青素得率的影响，确立了较佳提取条件为：以体积分数60％乙醇水溶液为提取剂、原料粒度为0．25-0．42mm、料液比1：12（g：mL）、浸提温度50℃、浸提4次、每次1h。浸提浓缩液加入一定量饱和NaCl溶液，低温离心过滤后，用2倍体积乙酸乙酯萃取3次，得到纯化后提取物中OPC质量分数达到56．86％，OPC得率为绝千原料的3.42％。     

不同提取方法对栀子果油品质的影响

【目的】通过比较不同提取方法对所得栀子果实油脂的理化性质及脂肪酸组成的影响,筛选最佳油脂提取方法,为栀子果油的开发、高值化、深加工提供参考。【方法】选用物理冷榨、亚临界萃取、索氏抽提3种方法制取栀子果实油脂,对所得油脂品质进行对比分析。【结果】按照所制得油脂提取率由高到低排序,各提取方法依次为索氏抽提(22.75%)、亚临界萃取(21.17%)和低温压榨方法(8.32%)。不同提取方法对栀子果实油脂的折光指数及脂肪酸组成影响不显著,对皂化值和酸值有显著影响。GC-MS检测结果表明,采用这3种方法所提取栀子果油的主要脂肪酸组成相同,均为棕榈酸(C16:0)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)、十七碳酸(C17:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3)、二十酸(C20:0)。其中,采用物理冷榨所提取栀子果油多不饱和脂肪酸(51.34%)含量较其他2种方法高,采用亚临界萃取法所提取栀子果油的单不饱和脂肪酸(31.15%),总不饱和脂肪酸(81.83%)、植物甾醇(1.850 mg/g)、维生素E(2.579 mg/g)、角鲨烯(1.563 g/kg)和西红花苷I(0.136 g/kg)的含量均高于采用其他2种方法所提取栀子果油,且酸价(3.98 mg/g)和皂化值(186.07 mg/g)均小于其他2种方法所提取栀子果油。【结论】亚临界萃取法具有较高的油脂提取率,所提取栀子果油有着较丰富的油脂组分与生物活性物质,是一种较为理想的栀子果油制备方法。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.