建设良好生态环境 为蓝天常在作贡献

APEC蓝是一个网络新词,原意形容APEC会议期间北京少有的蓝天和好空气,引申为事物的美好而短暂。在2014年北京APEC会议期间,北京呈现出自然、庄重、整洁和优美的园林景观,更大地改善了生态环境。同时,采取了机动车辆限行和污染企业停工等有效措施,确保了北京的空气质量。11月3日上午8点,北京市城六区PM2.5浓度为每立方米37微克,接近一级优水平。     

激光雷达沙尘参数提取技术研究

对激光雷达沙尘天气监测技术进行了研究,详细分析了Mie散射激光雷达气溶胶和沙尘参数计算方法.分析、设计并用C#言开发了用于处理和分析激光雷达回波信号的大气和沙尘参数反演软件系统.利用后向散射激光雷达(LB-D200)对北京市2006年春季沙尘天气进行监测试验,通过软件计算气溶胶参数,计算结果与其他监测结果相符.结果表明:通过退偏振系数可以计算出大气气溶胶中沙尘含量,后向散射激光雷达在沙尘天气沙尘的垂直分布探测中具有优势.     

绍兴北部区域大气复合污染过程中VOCs对O_3和SOA的生成潜势研究

为了研究在大气复合污染过程中,大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)对大气臭氧(O_3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的影响,在绍兴北部的大气监测国控点,使用在线自动VOC监测系统(TH-PKU300B)测量了2014~2016年期间的99种大气VOCs成分的质量浓度。结合常规的大气污染物数据和气象参数,选取2014年6月1~9日作为大气复合污染的案例进行了分析。结果表明:在复合污染期间,SOA/PM2.5的比值最高可以达到9.2%,其中,甲苯、丙酮和乙醛等对SOA贡献比较大,这说明在复合污染期间VOCs对二次生成颗粒物的贡献较为显著。同时通过臭氧生成潜势的计算,芳香烃、烯烃类、醛类物质对O_3生成的贡献较大,这些VOCs的活性组分生成的O_3叠加其它O_3生成效应,助推了高浓度的O_3污染。在严重污染期间,绍兴北部区域内大气VOCs浓度与大气雾霾有较强的相关性。控制VOCs的排放,降低VOCs的浓度,减低大气氧化性,对减少重雾霾天气有很大的帮助。     

在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统对灰霾天气的分析

利用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统(MARGA ADI 2080)实时连续监测了大气颗粒物PM2.5中水溶性组分和气体中相关无机物小时平均质量浓度,并结合PM2.5的实时数据以及气象资料对监测到的灰霾天气进行了分析。结果表明:在2013年12月3日至10日上海市崇明县东平国家森林公园老烧烤场的灰霾天气监测过程中,二次污染是灰霾形成的主因。     

兰州市不同天气可培养微生物气溶胶特征变化研究

为探明天气状况对可培养微生物气溶胶浓度的影响,于2016年3月15～23日在兰州交通大学站点,采用Andersen六级空气微生物采样器对不同天气状况下的细菌、真菌与放线菌气溶胶进行了采样,并对其浓度分布及其与气象因素的相关关系进行了详细分析。结果表明:在雨天,可培养微生物气溶胶浓度的变化为雨前(682CFU/m^3)>雨中(463CFU/m^3)>雨后(297CFU/m^3);沙尘发生后,兰州总可培养微生物气溶胶浓度均值是沙尘前的1.5倍;在沙尘天气时,可培养微生物气溶胶浓度与PM₁₀和PM_2.5呈正相关性,与温度呈负相关性,与湿度和风速呈不明显的正相关。研究结果可为兰州大气微生物污染治理提供基础数据。     

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术研究重污染过程PM_(2.5)化学组成及来源

为了分析重污染天气PM_(2.5)化学组成及来源,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术,在凤台县主城区开展了连续21d在线监测。结果表明:监测期间环境空气中PM_(2.5)主要成分为元素碳颗粒(29.2%),其次是富钾颗粒(26.2%),第三为有机碳颗粒(20.8%);监测期间共发生了三次PM_(2.5)为首要污染物的重污染天气,机动车尾气和燃煤为主要污染源。     

基于MODIS的气溶胶光学厚度反演算法及应用进展

比较了基于MODIS传感器反演气溶胶光学厚度的主要算法,包括暗像元法、扩展的暗像元法、结构函数法、高低反差法、多星协同法,总结了基于MODIS反演气溶胶光学厚度技术在气溶胶领域的应用,探讨了气溶胶时空分布以及AOD与地面颗粒物浓度的相关性研究。     

李怒云和她的绿色碳汇

11月3日,在北京怀柔区举行了2014年APEC会议周碳中和林启动仪式。经过计算,APEC会议周期间,参会者的国内外交通、餐饮、住宿、资料、会场用电等,共计造成6371吨二氧化碳排放。在中国绿色碳汇基金会和北京林业部门组织下,在北京怀柔区和河北康保县种植1274亩林木,全部抵消了会议周的碳排放,实现会议碳中和目标。这是22次APEC会议以来首次实现碳中和,成为中国承办这一盛会的一大亮点。     

军、警、民共筑APEC会议期间森林资源安全防线

正11月12日,怀柔区森林防火指挥部副指挥、园林绿化局副局长董学军带队到靠前驻防怀柔的武警森林机动支队三中队宿营地,代表怀柔区政府、区森林防火指挥部向驻守在APEC会址周边地区的森警官兵赠送"绿色卫土保森林一方平安,森警官兵卫APEC任劳任怨"锦旗。APEC会议期间,军、警、民携手共筑森林资源安全防线,未发生任何森林火情,圆满完成怀柔区森林资源安全保障工作。     

大型~(60)Co-γ辐照装置的辐射防护监测

于2011~2016年对四川省内某大型~(60)Co-γ辐照装置进行了辐射环境水平监测,监测项目包括γ辐射空气吸收剂量率;贮源井水中~(60)Co放射性活度浓度、总β放射性活度浓度、电导率、氯离子浓度和pH值;土壤中~(60)Co放射性活度浓度;个人热释光辐射剂量。监测结果表明:所有样品的监测结果均符合相关国家标准要求;大型~(60)Co-γ辐照装置正常运行期间,不会对环境、工作人员和公众造成放射性影响。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.