温度对银杏光系统Ⅱ光抑制的影响

以银杏叶片为试材,在不同温度下采用连续激发式植物效率仪PEA测试强光照射对快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数的影响,利用CIRAS-2型便携式光合系统进行光合光转化效率LCE的光强响应测试。结果表明:银杏光抑制不仅呈现光强剂量效应,而且呈现温度剂量效应。当光强超过约1000μmol·m-2s-1时银杏LCE最低,为较严重的光抑制过程。在25℃常温下超过1000μmol·m-2s-1光强照射20min时银杏Fv/Fm下降加快;15℃以下低温和35℃以上高温均会使Fv/Fm进一步降低;而且热胁迫比冷胁迫的光抑制程度更大,因为25～45℃下Fv/Fm的直线回归斜率/kheat/比5～20℃的/kchilling/增大了15.4%。5～10℃的低温强光引起银杏叶片热耗散DIo/RC略微增加,而35℃以上高温强光会导致热耗散DIo/RC剧增。冷胁迫会降低PSⅡ反应中心数目,但是热胁迫会使之降低更多。冷热胁迫下强光引起的光抑制(Fv/Fm)与PSⅡ反应中心数目RC/CSo或RC/ABS与之间高度正相关。因此,PSⅡ的异质性即PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活是冷热胁迫下光合机构发生光抑制的保护机制。     

模拟酸雨对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.5、pH 3.0)对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨6 h胁迫引起假俭草PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ФPSⅡ)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)下降,pH 2.5处理比pH 3.0处理的下降幅度大;酸雨处理停止24 h后, Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、qP、ФPSⅡ、ETR、NPQ回升;酸雨处理停止48 h后,回升至接近对照.研究还表明,利用非损伤的叶绿素荧光技术可快速检测草对环境因子变化的响应.     

二硫苏糖醇对金镶玉竹叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探讨叶黄素循环在竹子光保护中的作用,研究了叶黄素循环抑制剂二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理后金镶玉竹Phyllostachys aureosulcata f.spectabilis叶片在不同光照条件下的叶绿素荧光参数变化。结果表明,随强光(1 200μmol·m-2·s-1)处理时间的延长正常叶片的q P,Fv'/Fm',Y(Ⅱ)和Fv/Fm值均显著降低(P0.01),Fo显著升高(P0.01);而DTT处理叶片的q P和Fv/Fm下降更为显著(P0.01),Fv'/Fm'和Fo下降较缓慢,但也达到极显著水平(P0.01)。DTT处理叶片在黑暗恢复阶段,Fo和Fv/Fm均呈恢复趋势;黑暗恢复12 h后,与未经DTT处理的叶片相比,用于光保护的Y(NPQ)所占比重较小,反应光损伤的Y(NO)所占比重较大,分别是未经DTT处理叶片的0.53和1.80倍;DTT处理的叶片经强光处理后再进行黑暗处理,其Fo和Fv/Fm无明显变化。由此表明,DTT通过抑制叶黄素循环来影响光胁迫条件下金镶玉竹的叶绿素荧光参数,进一步证明叶黄素循环在抵抗强光胁迫、防止光抑制、缓解反应中心蛋白失活以及平衡PSⅡ量子分配等方面有着重要作用。     

热胁迫对连翘离体叶圆片光系统Ⅱ活性的影响

【目的】探讨高温对连翘离体叶圆片光系统Ⅱ活性和叶黄素循环脱环化程度的影响,揭示热胁迫下连翘叶片光合机构的行为特征,充实植物光能高效利用研究领域。【方法】以连翘为供试材料,在功能叶片主叶脉两侧打取直径为1 cm的叶圆片,采用热胁迫温度(26,31,34,37,40,43,46,49和52℃)和时间(5,25和45 min)组合处理,之后于26℃室内环境中暗适应30 min,利用叶绿素成像荧光仪( MINI-IMAGING-PAM)和 QE65光谱仪分别进行叶绿素荧光参数和漫反射率的测定。【结果】在5,25,45 min热胁迫下,连翘叶片 PSⅡ光化学活性 Fv/Fm 和实际光化学量子产量 Y(Ⅱ)开始显著降低的温度分别为43,37,37℃和43,31,31℃。随着热胁迫温度和时间的增加,呈现出暗适应下最小荧光 Fo 和光化学荧光猝灭系数 qP 先减后增的变化、暗适应下最大荧光 Fm 大幅度降低、开放的 PSⅡ反应中心的激发能捕获效率 F'v/F'm和 PSII 电子传输活性 Fm/Fo 迅速降低、调节性能量耗散量子产量 Y ( NPQ)与非调节性能量耗散的量子产量 Y( NO)和值的趋饱和增加、PSⅡ与 PSⅠ间的激发能分配不平衡偏离系数β/α－1先增后降的变化趋势。另外,叶黄素循环脱环化程度负相关的 PRI与 Y( NO)呈现相反变化趋势。【结论】在长时间较高的热胁迫温度下,连翘叶片的热胁迫伤害不仅会发生在PSⅡ蛋白复合体的多个位点,也会发生在整个光合机构,还会从暗反应的酶活性衰减转向 PSⅡ活性衰减;同时,对热胁迫伤害的协调保护机制,一方面表现在过剩的激发能量会从以调节性能量耗散 Y( NPQ)为主转向非调节性能量耗散 Y( NO)为主,另一方面也可能会表现在通过调节 PSⅡ与 PSⅠ之间激发能分配平衡性的天线系统的状态转换上。     

冷驯化期间4种楸树叶片叶绿素荧光参数变化研究

以南北不同纬度的4种1 a生楸树嫁接苗(滇楸、灰楸、梓楸、金丝楸)为研究对象,研究自然条件下冷驯化期间4种楸树叶片叶绿素荧光参数变化规律。结果表明,冷驯化期间随着自然温度的降低,4种楸树叶片光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)下降,光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学猝灭(NPQ)和电子传递速率(ETR)先下降、后上升,最终值偏低,其中Fv/Fm与抗寒性存在较高的一致性,可作为楸树叶片抗寒性强弱的鉴定指标。     

香樟8个无性系叶绿素荧光特征比较

应用叶绿素荧光测定技术分别测定香樟8个无性系的叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:无性系Pc-2、Pc-1、Pc-706的叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(QY)等值均高于其它5个无性系,非光化学猝灭系数(npq)相对较低,这3个无性系具有较好的光合生理功能,是城市绿化的优良树种。相关分析表明:Fv、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、QY、qp、ΦPSⅡ与SPAD值呈正相关,npq与SPAD值及其它荧光参数均呈负相关。     

不同强度干旱胁迫对巨龙竹光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性影响

植物可以通过减少色素和捕光色素复合体Ⅱ的含量来降低叶片对光能的捕获。土壤水分胁迫会影响叶绿素的生物合成,促进已合成的叶绿素分解,使其含量降低,这可能是土壤水分胁迫下植物体内产生的多种活性氧使光合色素发生降解所致。为研究持续干旱对巨龙竹叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响,以巨龙竹幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟自然持续干旱,测定叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量,并对其抗旱性进行综合分析。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,巨龙竹叶片叶绿素含量、最大荧光(Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)均降低;初始荧光(Fo),说明干旱胁迫伤害了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ),使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散提高。     

盐胁迫下桑树叶片D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环对PSⅡ的影响

采用抑制剂法研究盐胁迫下D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环对桑树叶片PSⅡ功能的影响.结果表明:桑树叶片在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下保持较高的PSⅡ反应中心的活性,具有完善的光破坏防御机制.通过硫酸链霉素(SM)抑制D1蛋白的周转和二硫苏糖醇(DTT)抑制叶黄素循环,损伤盐胁迫下桑树叶片的PSⅡ反应中心,加剧盐胁迫对桑树叶片PSⅡ反应中心的伤害,说明D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环在保护盐胁迫下桑树叶片PSⅡ功能中发挥重要的作用,并且D1蛋白周转的保护作用大于叶黄素循环.DTT抑制盐胁迫下桑树叶片的叶黄素循环,却将PSⅡ反应中心吸收的光能大部分以无效的荧光和热能形式耗散,减缓过剩激发能对PSⅡ反应中心的伤害程度.SM处理可抑制D1蛋白周转,减弱盐胁迫下桑树叶片以叶黄素循环为主的耗散非辐射能量的能力,降低过剩激发能的热耗散程度,导致叶片中的过剩光能(1-qp)/NPQ成倍积累,造成PSⅡ反应中心大量失活.因此,SM不但可抑制D1蛋白的周转,还可增强QB的还原程度,降低电子传递链上的电子传递,PQ库容量降低,减弱依赖PQ在类囊体膜两侧建立质子梯度(△pH)的能力,从而限制依赖于△pH的叶黄素循环.因此,盐胁迫下抑制D1蛋白的周转不但降低吸收光能后用于电子传递的比例,而且会破坏叶黄素循环耗散过剩的光能,这也是D1蛋白周转对PSⅡ的保护作用大于叶黄素循环的原因之一.     

淹水胁迫对银杏叶绿素含量及荧光特性的影响

以3年生银杏苗木为试材,在盆栽条件下模拟淹水胁迫,研究淹水对银杏苗木叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:3年生银杏叶片的叶绿素含量和各叶绿素荧光参数受淹水胁迫的影响较为显著,随淹水胁迫时间延长,银杏叶片的叶绿素含量降低,叶片的初始荧光明显上升,而最大荧光、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性Fv/Fo均呈显著降低趋势。该结果可为城市绿化中银杏耐涝性评价提供参考。     

3种引种杨树和3种乡土杨树苗叶的光合特性比较

在自然条件下,测定了3种引种杨树和3种乡土杨树苗木叶片的光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数。3种引种杨树为芬兰山杨A21、芬兰山杨16、加杨,3种乡土杨树为小青杨、小叶杨、兴安杨。其测定结果表明,3种引种杨树苗叶的净光合速率(Pn)显著高于3种乡土杨树,同时蒸腾速率(E)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值也高于3种乡土杨树的苗叶。从而说明3种引种杨树的光合能力较强,对吸收的光能和水分的利用效率较高。3种引种杨树苗叶的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ光能捕获效率(F′v/F′m)、稳定荧光(Fs)、光适应下最小荧光产量(F′o)、最大荧光产量(F′m)的平均值均高于3种乡土杨树,3种引种杨树的可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光之比(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)的平均值均低于3种乡土杨树。相关分析表明,Pn与Tr、Tr与Ci、Fm与Fo、Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ与Fo均呈极显著正相关(P0.01);ΦPSⅡ与Fm、F′v/F′m与Fv/Fo呈显著正相关(P0.05);Fv/Fo与Fo、Fv/Fm与Fo、NPQ与Fv/Fm、NPQ与Fv/Fo均呈极显著负相关(P0.01);qP与F′v/F′m呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.