不同育苗基质对白榆长根苗生长的影响

本研究以大田原土基本材料,通过添加不同比例的河沙、草炭、珍珠岩、蛭石,配制出5种不同的育苗基质。将这些基质填充到导根筒(直径10cm、长1m的PVC管)中以培育白榆(Ulmus pumila L.)长根苗。通过分析比较不同育苗基质条件下白榆的地上部、地下部、总生物量以及地下/地上部生物量等生长指标,在遵循育苗基质的适用性和经济性的基础上,筛选出培育白榆长根苗的适宜基质。结果表明:基质S3(大田原土60%+河沙10%+草炭10%+珍珠岩10%+蛭石10%)为最佳育苗基质。     

秸秆轻基质沙地赤松育苗技术研究

为寻找一种既能替代不可再生资源草炭,又能保证育苗质量的新轻基质原料,以沙地赤松为对象,进行了秸秆轻基质、草炭土、木屑、沙土不同配比的育苗基质试验。结果表明,无论是播种苗还是移植容器苗,相同配比的腐熟秸秆基质与草炭基质的苗木质量相差无几,说明在沙地用秸秆轻基质代替草炭培育沙地赤松苗木是可行的。     

不同育苗基质对白榆长根苗生长的影响

以大田原土为基本材料,通过添加不同比例的河沙、草炭、珍珠岩、蛭石,配制出5种不同的育苗基质.将这些基质填充到导根筒(直径10cm 长1m 的 PVC 管)中以培育白榆(Ulmus pumila L)长根苗.通过分析比较不同育苗基质条件下白榆的地上部、地下部、总生物量以及地下/地上部生物量等生长指标,在遵循育苗基质的适用性和经济性的基础上,筛选出培育白榆长根苗的适宜基质.结果表明:基质 S3(大田原土60%+河沙10%+草炭10%+珍珠岩10%+蛭石10%)最佳     

青钱柳MPT苗型育苗技术初步研究

本文对青钱柳MPT苗型(根坨苗)育苗技术进行了初步研究。研究表明用GA100mg·L~(-1)处理种子10h可使62%种子提早1年发芽,缩短了培育时间;采用128穴、72穴和50穴塑料穴盘培育青钱柳60d龄苗,进行两段育苗,移栽成活率100%;用泥炭、森林腐殖土、树皮粉、腐熟厩肥配制的营养基质均可提高根坨苗质量;用根坨苗造林,其造林成活率比裸根苗提高23.2%。     

不同育苗基质配比对葡萄扦插生根和枝条生长量的影响

利用河沙、秸秆颗粒、锯末、腐熟羊粪、草炭、腐殖土和耕作层土壤为原料,配制了不同葡萄(Vitis vinifera)扦插育苗基质,研究不同育苗基质对葡萄插条生根和枝条生长量的影响。结果表明:秸秆+腐熟羊粪+耕作层土壤配制成的葡萄扦插育苗基质的地温,插条生根率、生根数、根长、根粗和新生枝条的粗度最高,分别为17.8℃、92.7%、19.0条/株、29.4cm、3.5mm和12.8mm,且生产成本最低,为60元/m~3。建议在秸秆和牛羊粪资源丰富的葡萄栽培区可利用秸秆+腐熟羊粪+耕作层土壤配方配制葡萄扦插育苗基质和培育葡萄苗木。     

马占相思育苗容器与基质的选择试验

马占相思采用３种容器和９种配方基质育苗试验，结果表明：３种容器育苗对苗高，地径，根鲜重和根瘤数存在显著影响，其中以塑料薄膜育苗袋育生长最快，舒根型软育苗器次之，舒根型硬质塑料育苗筒最短，但根素发达，结根瘤最多；９种配方基质中以７０％黄芯土＋２８％火烧土＋２％过磷酸钙的苗木生长最好，结瘤量也多，根瘤数略次于含４０％锯木糠＋５８％黄芯土＋２％过磷酸钙基质的，苗木生长量总趋势是含火烧土基质〉含泥炭土基质     

不同育苗基质对油茶芽砧嫁接苗生长的影响

通过对几种育苗基质对油茶芽砧苗成活率、苗高、地径以及根系等生长指标对比分析的结果表明,在4个基质配比中,1 a生芽砧嫁接苗以油茶轻基质容器苗保存率、树高和地径表现为最大,分别为82.2%,32.1 cm和0.31cm;苗木根系以2 a生大田裸根苗主根为最长,为13.3 cm,根茎比最大,为0.50,适宜油茶造林后后期生长。因此培育1 a生油茶苗以油茶轻基质为最佳选择,培育2 a生苗应该选择大田育苗。     

侧柏塑料营养袋二级育苗与造林

淄博市淄川区位于泰沂山北麓,是以石灰岩山地为主的山区,多以侧柏营造水土保持林。前几年,采取大田育苗,雨季用裸根苗造林的方法,造林成活率很低,有时不足40％,甚至失败。为了解决这个问题,我们借鉴侧柏塑料营养袋种子育苗的做法,进行了侧柏塑料营养袋二级育苗和造林试验。现将试验结果总结如下。     

育苗基质和育苗条件对梭梭播种育苗的影响

为了研究不同基质和育苗条件下对梭梭生长发育的影响,以梭梭为材料,比较了3种不同基质配置和两种育苗条件对梭梭生长状况的影响。结果表明:小拱棚育苗和露天育苗条件下,最佳播种育苗基质均为园土∶河沙∶腐熟羊粪=1∶1∶1;同种基质下,小拱棚育苗方式均比露天育苗方式下苗木生长好。播种时,采用小拱棚营养袋育苗方式、播种基质以园土∶河沙∶腐熟羊粪=1∶1∶1的苗木生长量最好。苗木平均苗高、平均地径、平均主根长、一级侧根长、苗木重量分别达39.28 cm、0.19 cm、11.83 cm、7.45 cm、6.87 g。     

配方轻基质对油茶无性系苗木质量的影响

研究油茶育苗中采用不同轻基质配方的容器袋与网袋对苗木的生长状况影响,同时与大田裸根苗木的质量进行比较,分析不同基质配方育苗的生产成本与市场价格,提出较好的轻基质配方与降低育苗成本的方法,为良种油茶优质苗木的高效繁育提供实践应用依据。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.