伊春市落叶松人工林立地质量评价

将伊春林区落叶松人工林的调查资料,按不同的坡向和坡位分成六个立地类型组,分别建立立地质量数量化模型,并对伊春林区的落叶松人工林的主要立地类型进行立地质量评价。不同的立地类型组的数量化模型,确定了各立地类型组中影响林木生长的主导因子及各因子的得分贡献。     

影响水曲柳人工林生长的主要立地因子

在东北林业大学帽儿山试验林场尖砬沟森林定位研究站(12730?12734扙, 4521?4525扤), 建立了水曲柳人工林。在对不同立地条件下10年生水曲柳人工林生长指标进行标准地调查,分析结果表明:影响水曲柳人工林生长的主要立地因子依次为:土壤湿度、坡度和坡位;水曲柳最适生长的地点为山地中上腹,而不适于坡度平缓的山地中下腹。认为土壤湿度和因地形原因引起的逆温是限制水曲柳人工林生长的主要原因。图3表6参6。     

湖北省杉木人工林立地类型划分及评价

以湖北省杉木人工林为研究对象,选择166块具有代表性的杉木人工林标准地,并测定样地的常规立地因子。利用数量化理论Ⅰ的方法建立了杉木优势高与立地因子之间的关系模型,对研究区杉木人工林进行立地类型划分及立地质量评价。结果表明,所选择的5个立地因子与优势高数量化拟合的复相关系数为0.639;海拔、腐殖层厚度和坡位这3个立地因子对优势高的贡献率达84.99%,且影响均达到极显著水平;采用海拔、腐殖层厚度和坡位3个因子构建研究区杉木人工林立地类型,共划分为22类;按照优、良、中、差4个评价等级对166块样地所属的立地类型进行立地质量评价,得出湖北省杉木人工林在中海拔、土壤湿润、土壤养分含量较高的立地条件下生产力较高,研究区立地质量整体处于中等偏上水平的结论。     

腾冲县秃杉人工林立地条件与林分生长关系分析

根据样地调查数据,采用方差分析法、显著性分析和多重比较分析法,分析不同坡向、坡位、坡度、土壤等立地因子下的秃杉人工林树高、胸径平均生长量状况。结果表明:不同坡向、坡位、土壤厚度对秃杉人工林林分生长均有显著影响;影响秃杉人工林林分生长的最主要立地因子为坡位、坡向和土壤厚度;秃杉最适生的立地条件为坡下部、阴坡、土壤深厚。     

小陇山林区人工油松林立地分类与质量评价

应用数量化理论Ⅰ建立各立地因子与油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林地位指数之间的多元线性回归,根据回归结果筛选主导立地因子,小陇山林区油松人工林立地因子贡献率大小顺序为:坡度海拔坡位土层厚度坡向。根据综合多因子与主导因子相结合的原则,确定采用海拔高度划分立地类型区;采用坡位划分立地类型组;采用坡度和土壤厚度划分立地类型,将小陇山林区油松人工林划分24个立地类型,同时对小陇山林区现有油松人工林林地进行了评价。     

三江平原丘陵区长白落叶松适生立地条件分析

在三江平原丘陵区佳木斯市孟家岗林场对不同立地条件下长白落叶松人工林生长指标进行标准地调查,建立立地指数导向曲线方程、同形立地指数族、立地指数表和优势木高与立地因子间的数量化模型,在此基础上,评价立地因子对落叶松生长的影响,得出影响落叶松生长的主要立地因子依次为坡向、土壤A层厚、坡度和坡位,适宜落叶松生长的立地是坡度平缓土层深厚的阴坡中下部。     

地形因子及整地方式对桉树人工林生长的影响

通过对不同坡向、坡位、坡度等地形因子以及整地方式对桉树人工林的保存率、年均胸径、年均树高的影响进行研究,结果表明:不同坡向对桉树人工林保存率、年均胸径、年均树高的影响趋势相同,均表现为偏南坡向比偏北坡向好;不同坡位对桉树人工林的保存率影响不大,对桉树人工林的年均胸径、年均树高的影响,随着坡位的降低生长表现越好;不同坡度对桉树人工林保存率、年均胸径、年均树高的影响表现为随着坡度的降低生长表现越好,保存率影响不大;不同整地方式对桉树人工林的保存率、年均胸径、年均树高的影响均表现为人工挖穴的最差,机械全垦的最好。因此选择不同地形进行桉树人工林造林时,应选择坡向偏南、坡位偏下、坡度10°的立地类型,并采用机械全垦的模式,才能获得最佳的产量。     

不同立地条件水曲柳核桃楸紫椴造林的研究

为保护发展珍贵阔叶树种水曲柳、核桃楸和紫椴，１９８２～１９９４年对其育苗、造林技术进行了系统研究。不同立地条件下造林试验研究结果表明，造林地坡向，坡位和坡形等立地因子对３个树种造林成活率影响显著；对保存率和幼树径、高生长影响极显著；对单位面积林分蓄积量影响大。３个立地因子中以坡向影响最大，坡形和坡位次之。     

不同立地条件水曲柳核桃楸紫椴造林的研究

为保护发展珍贵阔叶树种水曲柳、核桃楸和紫椴，１９８２－１９９４年对其育苗、造林技术进行了系统研究。不同立地条件下造林试验研究结果表明，造林地坡向，坡位和坡形等立地因子对３个树种造林成活率影响显著；对保存离和幼树径、高生长影响极显著；对单位面积林分蓄积量影响大。３个立地因子中以坡向影响最大，坡形和坡位次之。     

柳杉林地立地质量评价探讨

应用数量化理论Ⅰ的原理和方法,研究影响柳杉林分优势高生长的立地因子,结果表明:地势、坡向、坡形、土层厚度、腐殖质层厚度、土壤松紧度、土壤质地为主要立地因子,并利用其编制了柳杉人工林数量化地位指数表,在此基础上进行立地类型的划分与立地质量的评价,提出柳杉最适宜的造林地。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.