上海公路绿地土壤肥力质量评价与管理对策

公路绿化带是城市绿地的主要组成部分,也是重要的公路设施,对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。公路绿地土壤质量是限制公路绿化水平的重要因子。本试验采集了上海市主要公路绿地0～30cm,〉30cm土壤,研究了土壤质地、容重、空气孔隙度、阳离子交换量、pH、EC、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾等理化性质。结果表明,上海公路绿地土壤以粉砂质粘壤土和粉砂壤土为主,较适合植物生长;土壤容重大,孔隙度低,空气孔隙度平均只有3．82％;土壤pH过高,属于碱性或强碱性土壤;有机质、阳离子交换量较低,土壤Ec值大小适中;速效养分中,水解氮和有效磷含量属中等偏下水平,速效钾含量较高。根据上海市公路绿地土壤质量状况,提出了加强上海公路绿地土壤科学管理的措施和建议。     

深圳城市绿地土壤质量状况研究

通过实地调查、土壤样品采集和实验室分析、GIS技术的应用，系统研究了深圳市城市绿地土壤理化特性，包括颗粒组成、容重、孔隙度、土壤渗透性、pH、有机质、阳离子变换量、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等以及土壤重金属含量，绘制了深圳市城市绿地土壤质量主要指标分布状况专题图，评价了深圳市城市绿地土壤肥力质量和环境质量，揭示了深圳市城市绿地土壤存在的主要问题。     

重庆市主城区城市绿地土壤质量研究现状

指出了城市土壤作为城市植物的生长基础,在城市绿化建设中具有重要的作用。目前,重庆市城市土壤研究大量地集中在城市绿地土壤质量的评价中。依据不同的评价指标,对城市绿地土壤肥力质量、环境质量和健康质量进行了探索。研究发现主城区绿地土壤肥力质量不尽于人意:容重、酸碱度、有机质含量虽有所改善,但氮、磷、钾素相对缺乏;土壤环境质量重金属含量有部分污染但不严重,需加强风险控制;而有机污染物及土壤健康质量尚缺乏研究。因此,提出了对重庆市主城区绿地土壤进行基础型和应用型研究,还需要加大力度。     

闵行南部试验田土壤肥力评价

指出了土壤质量与植物的生长有密切关系，土壤肥力一直是农业关注的热点。对闵行南部试验田土壤进行采样分析来判断其土壤肥力，包括以下指标的测定：土壤含水量、土壤pH值、土壤EC值、土壤有机质含量、土壤有效磷、土壤速效钾。经分析表明：闵行试验田土壤水分含量都在95％以上，pH值微碱，EC值较低，有机质含量平均值为13．73g·kg-1，在10g·kg-1以上，土壤速效钾含量偏低，有效磷含量丰富。同时采集拟种植目标植物样品为风信子的鳞茎进行植物全氮、全磷、全钾的测定分析，发现氮素含量最高，其次为钾和磷。由于闵行试验田刚刚开垦，土壤比较黏重，通气性差，养分含量低，根据以上土壤分析和风信子营养元素测定结果，闵行试验田土壤改造空间很大，因此提出了一些改良措施，为以后的植物种植提供参考。     

哈尔滨城市绿地土壤肥力及其空间特征

【目的】探讨哈尔滨城市森林绿地土壤肥力及其空间分布特征,以期为基于土壤肥力特征的城市绿色基础设施建设与管理提供支撑,进而提升城市植被生态服务功能。【方法】共采集哈尔滨市区道路林、景观林、单位附属林、生态公益林及郊区农田土壤257份,并测定9种土壤肥力相关指标,通过内梅罗指数法并参照全国第二次土壤普查分级标准对土壤肥力质量进行综合评价,结合Arc GIS绘制土壤各肥力指标空间分布图。【结果】参照全国第二次土壤普查6级制标准,哈尔滨市绿地土壤有机质含量为30~40 g·kg~(-1),达到了2级(高)水平;全氮、水解性氮和有效磷含量分别为1~1.5 g·kg~(-1)、90~120 mg·kg~(-1)和20 mg·kg~(-1),为3级(中上)水平;全钾和速效钾含量较高,为2级(高)及以上水平;全磷含量低,为0.4~0.6 g·kg~(-1),为4级(中下)水平;土壤密度为1.3~1.4g·cm-3,pH值为7.5—8.5;除速效钾外不同绿地土壤各肥力指标多表现为差异显著(P0.05);半方差分析表明,哈尔滨城市绿地有机质及土壤密度块基比≥75%,而全磷、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾及综合肥力指数的块基比为25%~75%。【结论】哈尔滨城市绿地全磷含量较低,钾含量较高。全磷、全氮、土壤密度及水解性氮是土壤综合肥力水平提升的主要限制因子,有机质及土壤密度空间变异主要受随机因素影响,而全磷、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾及综合肥力指数的空间变异则受随机因素和结构因素共同影响。应采取施用氮磷复合有机肥、控制钾肥、种植固氮植物等措施改善哈尔滨城市绿地土壤。     

杉木林和阔叶林土壤酚含量及其变化的研究

用成对样本T检验法对相邻生长的杉木林和阔叶林以及若干不同世代的杉木林土壤酚含量进行了比较研究。结果表明：1，杉木林和阔叶林土壤挥发性酚含量都很低，远低于可使植物产生中毒的浓度；2．挥发性酚含量随季节的变化而变化且会自行消解，在常温下经过一个月后，其平均含量下降了62．10％，含酚量越高的土壤降低的程度越大；3．阔叶林土壤水溶性酚和复合态酚的平均含量高于杉木林土壤，但未达显著水平，而两种林分的挥发性酚含量近乎相等；4．没有发现不同世代杉木林土壤水溶性酚和复合酚含量有显著差异。上述结果表明，酚在土壤中积累而成为中毒因素的可能性很小。     

浙江省自然保护区建设发展刍议

浙江省地处东海之滨，地理坐标为27°03’～31°11’N，118°02’～123°08’E，陆地总面积101800km2，约为全国面积的1％。本省属典型的亚热带气候，温度适中，四季分明，光照较多，热量充足，雨量充沛，空气温润，地貌复杂，土壤类型多种多样，为植物的生长发育提供了良好的条件。据不完全统计，本省共有维管植物3897种，隶属于231科，1372属；森林覆盖率为54．6％，森林总面积占全国森林面积的3％，居全国第十三位；国家第一批重点保护的珍稀濒危植种本省有32科51属55种，拟列入第二批保护的珍稀濒危植物中有70种。上述植物资源和森林植…     

绿化植物废弃物覆盖对上海城市林地土壤肥力的影响

研究绿化植物废弃物覆盖对上海城市林地土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:绿化植物废弃物覆盖能降低土壤密度,提高土壤保水能力,增加总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度尤其是非毛管孔隙度;在试验设计的6120kg·hm-2覆盖量范围内,覆盖能显著增加土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,且覆盖用量与这些土壤肥力指标成极显著正相关;土壤全钾含量的增加要在覆盖160天后且覆盖量高时才出现;覆盖后土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量也显著增加,微生物周转速率加快,周期缩短,转移量增加,土壤微生物活性增强,有利于土壤养分的循环和保持;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量与土壤主要肥力指标显著正相关,能有效评价绿化植物废弃物覆盖对土地的改良效果。绿化植物废弃物覆盖对提高城市土壤质量、降低绿地养护费用有积极作用,也有利于节约型城市园林绿化的建设。     

辽西低山丘陵荒坡营造水保林工程整地措施试验研究

为提高辽西半干旱地区营造水土保持林的成活率与质量，进行了工程整地措施试验。认为，造林前一年采取工程整地措施．能拦截坡面径充、拦蓄泥土、积存枯草（枝）落叶。较荒坡土壤含水量提高，土层厚０～１５ｃｍ为４．２％～７．５％，１５～３０ｃｍ为４．６％～８．５％；土壤有机质含量增加０．０３％～１．３７％；全氮增加　０．０１６％～０．０３１％，全磷提高０．００６％～０．０１４％；阳离子代换量高５．３０～　８．２４ｍｇ／１００ｇ土。土壤机械组成较荒坡粗沙比例降低，粘粒比例增高，物理性沙粒比例减少，物理性粘粒比例升高。给树木生长提供了良好的生态环境条件。造林成活率提高１０％～２５％，树木径粗增加０．１０～０．２８ｃｍ，树高增加１５．３％～９２．１％，树木长势显著好于荒坡造林。     

垃圾填埋场优势植物生长情况调查分析

选取深圳市下坪垃圾填埋场作为研究样地,分别于2012年春季和2013年冬季采集样地优势植物及土壤进行分析,对采集的优势植物和土壤的重金属含量等进行测定。结果显示：垃圾填埋场内土壤p H 4．32～7．30。土壤有机质平均值为2．82％,偏低。土壤总氮含量平均值为0．16％,介于参考值之间。土壤总磷含量为0．11％,位于参考值的下限。土壤和植物中Ba离子含量均较高,马缨丹、假臭草和蟛蜞菊对于铜的富集能力较强,番薯对Cr的富集能力较强,荷木对Ba和Pb的富集能力较强,部分植物可用于垃圾填埋场的土壤改良。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.