武夷山自然保护区生态旅游与社区经济发展模式探讨

促进协助保护区生态旅游和社区经济的共同发展是保护区的任务之一。武夷山自然保护区可以通过发展生态旅游、开发生态旅游关联产业,发展红茶种植加工业等多种途径,促进保护区社区经济的多元化发展。     

基于社区共管的向海湿地生态旅游

湿地生态旅游是实现湿地自然生境与生物多样性保护、发展地方经济的有效手段。针对当前开展向海湿地生态旅游的优势与不足，借鉴国外先进经验，实行生态旅游社区共管不失为发展向海湿地生态旅游的优先选择策略。     

竹林生态旅游社区发展模式初探

近年来,随着竹林生态旅游的迅速发展,社区参与竹林生态旅游已成为人们关注的焦点之一。竹林生态旅游与社区发展存在良性互动关系,竹林生态旅游有力的促进当地社区的繁荣发展;当地居民生活质量的提升亦推动竹林生态旅游的环境保护和可持续发展。该文以竹林生态旅游社区文化悠久、竹林环境脆弱、景观特征独特、产业优势明显等特质为依据,提出以人为本、协调推进,长远规划、持续发展,主亚文化、协调一致,保持特色、突出形象,社区互动、合作互助等原则,针对竹林生态旅游不同社区的发展历程、产业结构、区域优势等特点,提出了社区发展的生态型、文化型、服务型、体验型等四种模式。     

生态旅游促进社区发展及存在问题分析——以茂兰自然保护区为例

阐述贵州茂兰自然保护区开展生态旅游的自然条件及生态旅游促进社区发展的重要意义,探讨保护区开展生态旅游的优劣势,分析社区参与生态旅游发展存在的问题,提出更好发展保护区生态旅游的一些建议。     

大熊猫国家公园陕西秦岭区生态旅游发展策略

为了促进陕西秦岭地区生态保护和资源利用的协调发展,通过对国家公园和生态旅游的关系进行梳理,可知生态旅游是国家公园游憩发展的最佳形式。调查发现,大熊猫国家公园陕西秦岭区的旅游业存在旅游开发影响生态资源质量、忽略社区有序参与、没有进行规范化管理等问题,在发展生态旅游的必要性探讨基础之上,对大熊猫国家公园陕西秦岭区生态旅游提出划定游憩科普区发展生态旅游、重视原有基础设施的使用、加强环境教育规划、引导社区参与、重视游客管理等发展策略。     

北京松山自然保护区生态旅游管理与当地社区参与

在自然保护区开展生态旅游能够为保护区筹集大量资金，维持保护区基础建设和管理工作的正常进行，促进自然保护事业的持续发展；为当地居民提供大量的就业机会，带动相关产业的发展；可改善保护区与当地居民的关系，使其成为自然保护事业的拥护者、支持者和参与者。文章分析了北京松山自然保护区的生态旅游管理与当地社区参与的现状及存在问题，提出了自然保护区生态旅游与当地社区关系的管理模式。     

生物圈保护区生态旅游开发模式研究

论述了世界生物圈保护区的产生和发展，分析了我国生物圈保护区发展生态旅游的现状与问题，提出了生态旅游的开发标准。根据宝天曼生物圈保护区旅游开发现状，提出了生物圈保护区在功能分区、开发程序、设施建设、机构设置、社区参与和可持续管理等方面的生态旅游开发模式，并把公众教育设施和环保设施的建设作为生物圈保护区生态旅游开发的重要特征。     

牯牛降国家级自然保护区的综合保护与发展

牯牛降自然保护区是同一纬度上最具保护价值的生物基因库，并具有良好的生态旅游开发前景。在保护森林生态环境和生物多样性的基础上，实行综合保护与发展，积极开发保护区生态旅游项目，促进保护区周边社区经济发展，使保护区建设实现持续稳定的可持续发展战略。     

生态旅游在自然保护区实践的研究进展

自然保护区是生态旅游最主要的实践场所,在可持续发展的大背景下,世界各地的自然保护区开展了大量的生态旅游实践。建立生态旅游认证制度、促进社区有效参与的管理机制和完善生态旅游实践标准是生态旅游在自然保护区实践成功的重要经验。生态旅游的发展对当地的环境、经济和社会文化带来积极与消极2方面的影响。生态旅游在自然保护区实践出现偏差的主要原因包括:(1)缺乏有效管理;(2)环境保护缺失;(3)当地社区居民的参与不足。生态旅游在自然保护区实践面临5方面主要问题:(1)大家对生态旅游的理解和认识存在偏差;(2)生态旅游在自然保护区开发建设的偏差;(3)生态旅游对自然保护区及其周边造成环境、社会与经济3方面的负面影响;(4)生态旅游在自然保护区实践管理方面的偏差;(5)社区参与方面的问题。生态旅游在自然保护区实践研究方面存在4个突出问题:(1)对于国际前沿和最新实践经验的关注不足;(2)对于自然保护区生态旅游的发展规律研究不足;(3)研究中广度与深度结合不足;(4)缺少长期追踪性研究。     

我国森林类型自然保护区生态旅游开发存在的问题及对策

开展生态旅游是实现森林类型自然保护区旅游业可持续发展的最佳选择之一。以生态旅游的内涵、规划与开发为切入点,本文分析了我国森林类型自然保护区生态旅游发展中存在的滥贴生态旅游标签、规划不合理、社区参与度低等问题,提出我国森林类型自然保护区开展生态旅游的应对策略:1)理顺森林生态旅游的概念和内涵;2)探讨生态旅游开发影响评价的生物多样性指标,科学规划生态旅游区;3)理顺管理体制,带动社区经济;4)健全生态旅游的资格认证体系,定期进行环境影响评价和自然资源审计。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.