Effects of grape seed extract on meat color and premature browning of meat patties in high-oxygen packaging

This study investigated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on fresh and cooked meat color and premature browning (PMB) in ground meat patties (85% beef and 15% pork back fat) packaged under high-oxygen modified atmospheres (HiOx-MAP).  The GSE was added to patties at concentrations of 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1.  This study evaluated the surface color, pH, lipid oxidation, and total viable counts (TVC) of raw patties, and the internal color and pH of patties cooked to a temperature of 66 or 71°C over 10-day storage at 4°C.  Compared with the control (0 g kg^–1 GSE), GSE improved the color stability (P<0.05) and significantly inhibited the lipid and myoglobin oxidation of raw patties from day 5 to 10, but GSE had no effect (P>0.05) on TVC.  Patties containing 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE cooked to 66°C exhibited greater (P<0.05) interior redness than the control and reduced the PMB of cooked patties in the late storage stage.  These results suggested that 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE can improve fresh meat color and minimize PMB of HiOx-MAP patties.     

Effects of LPA on the development of sheep in vitro fertilized embryos and attempt to establish sheep embryonic stem cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small molecule glycerophospholipid, which regulates multiple downstream signalling pathways through G-protein-coupled receptors to achieve numerous functions on oocyte maturation and embryo development.  In this study, sheep in vitro fertilized embryos were applied to investigate the effects of LPA on early embryos development and embryonic stem cell establishment.  At first, the maturation medium containing estrus female sheep serum and synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) were optimized for sheep IVF, and then the effects of LPA were investigated.  From 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1, LPA had no significant effect on the cleavage rate (P>0.05), but the maturation rate and blastocyst rate increased dependently with LPA concentration (P<0.05), and the blastocyst morphology was normal.  When the LPA concentration was 15 μmol L^–1, the maturation rate, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the blastocyst exhibited abnormal morphology and could not develop into high-quality blastocyst.  Besides, the exogenous LPA increases the expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, TE-related gene CDX-2 and pluripotency-related gene OCT-4 in sheep early IVF embryos with the raise of LPA concentration from 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1.  The expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, CDX-2 and OCT-4 from the LPA-0.1 μmol L^–1 to LPA-10 μmol L^–1 groups in early embryos were extremely significant (P<0.05), while the expression of these genes significantly decreased in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  The inner cell mass in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos was also disturbed, and the blastocysts formation was abnormal.  Secondly, the sheep IVF blastocysts were applied to establish embryonic stem cells.  The results showed that LPA made the blastocyst inoculated cells grow towards TSC-like cells.  They enhanced the fluorescence intensity and mRNA abundance of OCT-4 and CDX-2 as the concentration increased from 0 to 10 μmol L^–1, while 15 μmol L^–1 LPA decreased OCT-4 and CDX-2 expression in the derived cells.  The expression of CDX-2 and OCT-4 in the blastocyst inoculated cells of LPA-1 μmol L^–1 group and LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group extremely significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was significant decrease in LPA-15 μmol L^–1 group compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  Meanwhile, the protein expression of LPAR2 and LPAR4 remarkably increased after treatment of LPA at 10 μmol L^–1 concentration.  This study references the IVF embryo production and embryonic stem cell research of domestic animals.      

Reduction of N2O emissions by DMPP depends on the interactions of nitrogen sources (digestate vs. urea) with soil properties

The inhibition of nitrification by mixing nitrification inhibitors (NI) with fertilizers is emerging as an effective method to reduce fertilizer-induced nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions.  The additive 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) apparently inhibits ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) more than ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), which dominate the nitrification in alkaline and acid soil, respectively.  However, the efficacy of DMPP in terms of nitrogen sources interacting with soil properties remains unclear.  We therefore conducted a microcosm experiment using three typical Chinese agricultural soils with contrasting pH values (fluvo-aquic soil, black soil and red soil), which were fertilized with either digestate or urea in conjunction with a range of DMPP concentrations.  In the alkaline fluvo-aquic soil, fertilization with either urea or digestate induced a peak in N₂O emission (60 μg N kg^–1 d^–1) coinciding with the rapid nitrification within 3 d following fertilization.  DMPP almost eliminated this peak in N₂O emission, reducing it by nearly 90%, despite the fact that the nitrification rate was only reduced by 50%.  In the acid black soil, only the digestate induced an N₂O emission that increased gradually, reaching its maximum (20 μg N kg^–1 d^–1) after 5–7 d.  The nitrification rate and N₂O emission were both marginally reduced by DMPP in the black soil, and the N₂O yield (N₂O-N per NO₂^–+NO₃^–-N produced) was exceptionally high at 3.5%, suggesting that the digestate induced heterotrophic denitrification.  In the acid red soil, the N₂O emission spiked in the digestate and urea treatments at 50 and 10 μg N kg^–1 d^–1, respectively, and DMPP reduced the rates substantially by nearly 70%.  Compared with 0.5% DMPP, the higher concentrations of DMPP (1.0 to 1.5%) did not exert a significantly (P<0.05) better inhibition effect on the N₂O emissions in these soils (either with digestate or urea).  This study highlights the importance of matching the nitrogen sources, soil properties and NIs to achieve a high efficiency of N₂O emission reduction.     

Investigation of Aegilopsumbellulatafor stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc, and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata (UU) is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.  In this study, 46 Ae. umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance, heading date (HD), and the contents of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and seed gluten proteins.  Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust, while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.  The average HD of Ae. umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars (180.9 d vs. 137.0 d), with the exception of PI226500 (138.9 d).  The Ae. umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe (69.74–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (49.83–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents. Three accessions (viz., PI542362, PI542363, and PI554399) showed relatively higher Fe (230.96–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (92.46–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents than the others.  The Fe content of Ae. umbellulata was similar to those of Ae. comosa and Ae. markgrafii but higher than those of Ae. tauschii and common wheat.  Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae. tauschii, Ae. comosa, and common wheat, but a lower content than Ae. markgrafii.  Furthermore, Ae. umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated (Ae. umbellulata vs. other species=mean 72.11% vs. 49.37%; range: 55.33–86.99% vs. 29.60–67.91%).  These results demonstrated that Ae. umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits, so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.     

饲粮α-亚麻酸水平对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫生理机能的影响

【目的】探究饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平对意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica）工蜂幼虫抗氧化活性和免疫能力的影响。【方法】移取1日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫1 200只,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复48只;其中1组为对照组,饲喂不添加α-亚麻酸的基础饲粮,4组为处理组,分别饲喂α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.02%、0.04%、0.06%和0.08%的饲粮。按照室内蜜蜂幼虫饲养方法,将1日龄幼虫用移虫针移至温度适宜的加入200 μL饲粮的24孔细胞培养板内,培养板置于恒温培养箱中（温度33℃,相对湿度55%）,试验期间每天更换饲粮。饲养至第6天末或第7天初,幼虫开始有直立或排便现象时,将幼虫转移至提前铺好灭菌纸的24孔细胞培养板内准备化蛹。从饲养第1天开始,每天检查并记录幼虫和蛹的死亡数量,并将死亡个体及时移除,直至未死亡的蛹全部羽化新蜂,记录成功化蛹和羽化新蜂个体数量,统计幼虫化蛹率和羽化率。各组分别取5、6和7日龄幼虫测定抗氧化、免疫、脂质代谢指标及相关基因表达量。【结果】饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平为0.02%和0.04%时,化蛹率和羽化率显著高于与其他处理组（P＜0.05）,而工蜂幼虫血淋巴中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）含量显著低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的含量却显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平为0.04%时,工蜂幼虫超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）的活性较对照组显著增加,丙二醛（MDA）的含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平为0.02%、0.04%和0.06%时,6日龄工蜂幼虫的溶菌酶（lysozyme）和酚氧化酶（PO）活性显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.04%时,6日龄工蜂幼虫脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）活性显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.04%时,5和7日龄工蜂幼虫lysozyme和PO相对表达量显著高于对照组,但饲粮中α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.08%时,lysozyme相对表达量会显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】α-亚麻酸对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫抗氧化活性和免疫能力有一定影响,幼虫饲粮中α-亚麻酸适宜添加水平为0.02%—0.04%。     

体外法优化玉米—杂粕型饲粮的非淀粉多糖酶谱及其对育肥猪肠道微生物的影响

【目的】利用体外模拟法优化玉米—杂粕型饲粮的非淀粉多糖（NSP）酶谱,并分析优化的非淀粉多糖酶谱对饲粮养分消化率和育肥猪肠道微生物组成和结构的影响,为饲粮高效利用和精准饲养提供数据支撑和理论参考。【方法】试验一在育肥猪玉米—杂粕型饲粮中分别添加不同水平的木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-甘露聚糖酶和果胶酶6种NSP酶,采用胃—小肠体外模拟法测定体外回肠干物质消化率（IVIDMD）;取IVIDMD达到最大值时各NSP酶的添加水平为该NSP酶0编码水平,按照六元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,进行体外消化试验,建立IVIDMD与NSP酶添加量的六元二次回归方程,筛选出玉米—杂粕型饲粮最优NSP酶谱（OEC）;利用胃—小肠—大肠体外模拟消化法分析测定添加OEC前后饲粮的体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）、体外能量消化率（IVGED）和体外消化能（IVDE）,以验证OEC的效果。试验二按照单因素完全随机设计,选用16头健康、体重相近去势公猪（117.8 ± 1.66 kg）,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理8头猪,对照组饲喂玉米—杂粕型基础饲粮,加酶组在基础饲粮中添加OEC;在试验开展第18天采用直肠擦拭法采集猪新鲜粪便,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序对粪便微生物菌群的多样性及相对丰度进行分析,并进行功能预测。【结果】（1）在本试验条件下,玉米—杂粕型饲粮OEC为：纤维素酶1 003 U·kg^-1、木聚糖酶18 076 U·kg^-1、β-葡聚糖酶1 377 U·kg^-1、β-甘露聚糖酶14 765 U·kg^-1、α-半乳糖苷酶337 U·kg^-1和果胶酶138 U·kg^-1;（2）在玉米—杂粕型饲粮中添加OEC使IVDMD由73.44%显著提高到76.26%（P<0.01）,IVGED由74.03%显著提高到76.45%（P = 0.01）,IVDE由14.97 MJ·kg^-1显著提高到15.58 MJ·kg^-1（P<0.01）;（3）在门水平上,共筛选出了12个相对丰度大于0.1%的菌门,其中Bacteroidota（拟杆菌门）、Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）和Spirochaetota（螺旋体门）为优势菌门,三者之和在组内占比达96%以上;（4）在属水平上,饲粮中添加OEC显著增加norank_f_F082,norank_f_Bacteroidales_RF16_group,Bacteroides（拟杆菌属）和Roseburia（氏菌属）的相对丰度（P<0.05）,Eubacterium_ruminantium_group（P = 0.083）有增加的趋势,而Oscillibacter（颤杆菌克）的相对丰度显著降低（P<0.05）,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和norank_f__norank_o__WCHB1-41（P = 0.083）有降低的趋势（P = 0.052）。【结论】饲粮中添加体外法优化的NSP酶谱,显著提高了育肥猪玉米—杂粕型饲粮干物质和能量的体外消化率以及体外消化能,增加了纤维分解菌和产丁酸菌等有益菌在育肥猪肠道微生物中的占比,在一定程度上减少了有害菌的数量,优化了肠道微生态。     

山羊TNNT3基因可变剪切及其对骨骼肌细胞分化的作用

【目的】快速骨骼肌肌钙蛋白T（fast skeletal troponin T3,TNNT3）作为肌钙蛋白(troponin, Tn)家族成员,调节横纹肌收缩、参与骨骼肌的生长发育并影响家畜肉质性状。通过获得山羊TNNT3基因的可变剪切体,分析山羊TNNT3基因可变剪切的表达模式及其在肌细胞分化中的作用,深入解析TNNT3基因在山羊骨骼肌生长发育过程中的作用机制。【方法】基于NCBI已公布山羊TNNT3基因（NM_001314210.1）和牛TNNT3基因（XM_010821200）mRNA序列,使用软件Primer Premier 6.0设计引物,以简州大耳羊胚胎期和出生后7个阶段骨骼肌为试验材料,克隆测序获得山羊TNNT3基因的CDS区可变剪切体,利用软件ORF Finder、EditSeq、DNAMAN、ClustalW和MEGA_X_10.1.8等对序列进行生物信息学分析;进一步设计实时荧光定量（real-time PCR,RT-qPCR）及半定量引物,研究TNNT3基因剪切体在7个不同组织（背最长肌（longissimus dorsi muscle,LD）、半膜肌（semimembranosus muscle,SM）、心、肝、脾、肺、肾）和7个发育阶段（胚胎期E75、E90、E105和出生后B3、B45、B150、B300）肌肉组织（背最长肌和半膜肌）中表达模式;此外,对转录本TNNT3_3进行体外编码能力检测确定其具有编码蛋白的能力,并在山羊骨骼肌卫星细胞（skeletal muscle satellite cells,MuSCs）中过表达,观察细胞形态变化以及检测标志基因的表达变化,研究其对山羊MuSCs分化的作用。【结果】①TNNT3（NM_001314210.1）CDS区全序列主要含有18个外显子,其中外显子16/17相互排斥,转录后单一表达。克隆发现山羊TNNT3基因 5个新转录本（TNNT3_1—5）,其外显子数分别是15、15、20、16、14。②生物信息学分析结果显示山羊TNNT3基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列与绵羊、牛、猪等哺乳动物具有很高的一致性,而与鱼类和爬行类动物的一致性较低,说明TNNT3基因序列在哺乳动物高度保守。③TNNT3 mRNA在背最长肌、半膜肌、心、肝、脾、肺、肾7个组织中都有表达,其中在骨骼肌中高度富集(P < 0.01),心脏及肺次之,其余组织中较低;TNNT3 mRNA在背最长肌和半膜肌中的表达始终处于一个动态变化中,胚胎期TNNT3在半膜肌的表达量高于背最长肌（P<0.05）;出生后则背最长肌中高于半膜肌（P<0.05）。④山羊TNNT3基因转录本TNNT3_3重复出现保守的外显子9—11（138bp）,体外翻译实验显示其可编码蛋白且蛋白大小与预期基本相符（37 kD）;相较于对照组,在山羊MuSCs中过表达该转录本使肌分化标志基因Myomaker、MyoG和MyH4 mRNA极显著升高(P < 0.01)。【结论】获得了山羊TNNT3基因具有完整CDS区5个新可变剪切体,TNNT3主要在肌肉组织（背最长肌和半膜肌）中高表达,在哺乳动物中高度保守且促进成肌分化。初步表明TNNT3基因在动物肌肉生长发育中具有重要的生物学功能。     

干扰山羊KLF12促进皮下脂肪细胞分化

[背景]脂肪组织分为皮肤下的皮下脂肪组织(subcutaneous adipose tissue,SAT)和腹部内器官周围的内脏脂肪组织(visceral adipose tissue,VAT),皮下脂肪作为影响肉类美味与否的重要因素,探究皮下脂肪沉积分子调控机制对于育种改良和畜牧业的发展至关重要.Krüppel-li...     

代乳粉添加单宁酸对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道发育的影响

目的 观察代乳粉中添加单宁酸对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道生长发育的影响。方法 选择同质性好的7日龄湖羊公羔（双羔）30只,随机分为2组,每组15只,每只1个重复,分别饲喂对照代乳粉或单宁酸含量为0.2%的代乳粉,试验期21 d。羔羊28日龄时饲养试验结束,每组随机选择8只羔羊进行屠宰,分离胃室和肠段,分别称量各胃室和各肠段净质量以及含内容物质量,并量取各肠段的长度,计算各胃室和各肠段的相对质量和相对长度及内容物分布。肠道组织形态学和上皮细胞凋亡率用皱胃胃底腺区及十二指肠、空肠和回肠中段的组织样品测定。肠道屏障功能相关的闭锁蛋白（occludin）、闭锁小带1（zonula occludens-1,ZO-1）和紧密连接蛋白1（claudin 1）mRNA表达量用采集的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜测定。结果 除十二指肠指数（%活体质量,P=0.012）和相对质量（%全肠质量,P=0.034;%全胃肠质量,P=0.017）、空肠和结肠相对长度（%全肠长度,P=0.030,P=0.004）及结肠内容物分布（%活体质量,P=0.039）外,单宁酸对羔羊胃肠指数（%活体质量）、胃肠相对质量（%全胃质量、%全肠质量和%全胃肠质量）、肠道相对长度（%全肠长度）、内容物相对质量（%活体质量）、胃肠内容物相对总胃/肠内容物及总胃肠内容物相对质量（%总胃内容物、总肠内容物、总胃肠内容物）以及小肠claudin 1蛋白mRNA表达量均没有产生显著影响（P＞0.05）,但显著提高羔羊十二指肠肌层厚度并降低绒毛宽度（P=0.013,P=0.001）,显著上调空肠ZO-1蛋白mRNA表达量（P=0.003）,此外,单宁酸有上调羔羊空肠occludin蛋白mRNA表达量并降低空肠绒毛宽度和隐窝深度以及空肠和回肠上皮细胞凋亡率的趋势（P=0.077,P=0.073,P=0.062,P=0.097,P=0.052）。结论 单宁酸显著降低7—28日龄湖羊羔羊十二指肠相对质量和空肠相对长度,但可通过提高十二指肠肌层厚度、上调空肠ZO-1蛋白和occludin蛋白mRNA表达量并降低空肠隐窝深度及空肠和回肠上皮细胞凋亡率来改善肠屏障功能。     

Diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton: Design,synthesis, and insecticidal activity

Diamide derivatives are biologically active molecules that have been widely applied in recent years in research on pesticides, especially insecticides.  Using a simple and environmentally friendly scheme, a series of new diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton was designed, synthesized, and confirmed by ¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR, and HR-MS.  Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera were measured and the relationship between structure and activity was investigated.  Eight of the title compounds (D2, D5, D10, D21, D28, D29, D30 and D33) showed 100% activity against P. xylostella at 500 mg L^–1.  One compound, D33, still showed 100% activity against P. xylostella at 100 mg L^–1 and had the lowest LC₅₀ (lethal concentration 50%, 3.7 mg L^–1) among the synthesized compounds.  Molecular docking analysis revealed that D33 could be thoroughly embedded in the active pocket of the ryanodine receptor via hydrogen bonding in a manner similar to the commercial insecticide chlorantraniliprole.     

铜源和铜水平对岢岚绒山羊生长发育和产绒性能的影响

为研究不同铜源和不同剂量铜对绒山羊生长发育、绒产量和绒品质的影响,选用体重相近的岢岚绒山羊6月龄青年母羊40只,随机分为5组,分别饲喂添加铜水平为0 mg.kg-1(对照组)、25 mg.kg-1和100 mg.kg-1DM硫酸铜2、5 mg.kg-1和100 mg.kg-1DM蛋氨酸铜的日粮,进行为期70 d的试验,其中预试期10 d。结果表明:日粮添加铜显著提高了岢岚绒山羊青年母羊的体重(P0.05),但其绒自然长度和绒细度不受铜添加水平的影响(P0.05)。添加25 mg.kg-1DM硫酸铜或蛋氨酸铜组显著提高了周岁母羊产绒量和绒的伸直长度。因此,在绒山羊青年母羊的日粮中,硫酸铜或蛋氨酸铜添加量以25 mg.kg-1DM为宜。     

发酵饲料对京红蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、血清参数及脂代谢的影响

【目的】 研究饲粮中添加发酵饲料对京红蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、蛋品质、血清参数及脂代谢的影响。【方法】 选取480只54周龄的京红蛋鸡随机分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组4个重复,每个重复60只蛋鸡,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮的基础上添加30 g/kg发酵饲料。试验预试期为10 d,正试期为56 d。【结果】 (1)在生产性能方面,与对照组相比,试验组产蛋率显著升高4.56%(P<0.05)。(2)在蛋品质方面,与对照组相比,试验组的蛋壳强度极显著提高了17.18%(P<0.01);蛋黄比例极显著提高了7.48%(P<0.01);蛋白比例极显著降低了3.69%(P<0.01);蛋黄胆固醇含量极显著降低了24.90%(P<0.01)。(3)在血清生化指标和繁殖激素方面,试验组血清钙离子含量显著升高了11.99%(P<0.05);促卵泡素和促黄体素分别显著升高了24.55%(P<0.05)和12.88%(P<0.05)。(4)血清和肝脏总胆固醇含量分别显著降低18.86%(P<0.05)和18.54%(P<0.05),肝脏高密度脂蛋白极显著升高17.69%(P<0.01)。其余指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】 在饲粮中添加30 g/kg的发酵饲料,对京红蛋鸡产蛋后期的生产性能以及蛋品质具有一定的改善作用。     

甘草总黄酮对高脂条件下罗非鱼肝损伤的保护作用

为了研究甘草总黄酮对高脂饲料造成的罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)脂肪肝损伤是否具有保护作用,随机将180尾健康无伤罗非鱼分成6组,即对照组、高脂饲料模型组和4个不同浓度甘草总黄酮组(0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00 g·kg^-1甘草总黄酮),每组30尾。饲喂90 d后,采集罗非鱼各实验组肝,测定肝匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、甘油三酯(TG)含量、总胆固醇(TC)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平,Western blotting法检测肝中核转录因子-κB P65(NF-κB P65)和核转录因子-κB C-Rel (NF-κB C-Rel)蛋白表达水平,RT-PCR法测定肝中微粒体甘油三酸酯转移蛋白(MTTP)和载脂蛋白B100(ApoB100)基因表达情况。结果表明:与对照组相比,高脂饲料模型组罗非鱼肝匀浆中TG、TC、MDA含量极显著(P<0.01)升高,GSH活性、SOD活性、T-AOC水平均极显著(P<0.01)降低;MTTP和ApoB100 mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.01或P<0.05);Western blotting结果显示,NF-κB P 65和C-Rel蛋白表达水平升高。饲料中加入甘草总黄酮后,与高脂饲料模型组相比,罗非鱼肝中GSH活性、SOD活性、T-AOC水平不同程度提高,TC、TG、MDA含量和NF-κB P65、C-Rel蛋白表达水平不同程度降低,MTTP和ApoB100的mRNA表达水平升高,以0.50 g·kg^-1甘草总黄酮组效果较好。说明甘草总黄酮对于罗非鱼脂肪肝损伤具有一定的保护作用,可以缓解高脂饲料造成的脂肪肝损伤。     

肉羊精料可代谢蛋白质预测模型的建立

目的 在通过概略养分或可消化养分建立肉用绵羊常用精饲料可代谢蛋白质（metabolic protein, MP）的预测模型,为动物日粮的科学配置提供依据。方法 试验选用14月龄,平均体重为（49.27±3.12）kg的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜寒杂交1代肉用羯羊6只,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定10种精饲料的瘤胃有效降解率、瘤胃非降解蛋白质（undegraded dietary protein, UDP）及UDP小肠消化率;另外选用10只体况健康、平均体重（47.43±4.41）kg的杜寒杂交成年公羊分11期进行消化代谢试验,设11个处理组,其中1个基础饲粮组和10个试验饲粮组,试验组饲粮分别由高粱、玉米、大麦、小麦、燕麦、菜籽粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、豆粕及玉米酒糟（distillers dried grains with solubles, DDGS）等替换基础饲粮中羊 草、玉米和豆粕,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1只羊,每期饲喂20 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期5 d。试验羊提前打好耳号,使用伊维菌素进行驱虫,单栏饲养。由于各组饲粮营养成分存在差异造成采食量不同,在预饲期观察并确定最低组的采食量作为限喂量,每天饲喂两次,分别于8:00、16:30饲喂,每次饲喂600 g,自由饮水。采用全收粪尿法测定养分表观消化率和尿嘌呤衍生物法（purine derivative,PD）测定微生物合成蛋白质（microbial synthetic protein, MCP）,通过养分含量或可消化养分建立MP的预测模型。试验数据采用SAS 9.1中的NLIN程序计算a、b、c值和直线回归与多元回归程序分析建立MP估测模型,单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA, LSD）进行显著性检验结果 饲料的粗蛋白质（CP）瘤胃降解率和UDP小肠消化率均因饲料种类不同而异,高蛋白饲料的CP瘤胃降解率和UDP小肠消化率较高,10种精饲料的CP瘤胃有效降解率的范围在43.71%—60.87%之间,UDP小肠消化率的范围在80.10%—92.86%之间,其中燕麦饲料的瘤胃有效降解率显著高于其他9种饲料 (P＜0.001),而其UDP小肠消化率显著低于其他9种饲料 (P＜0.001);饲粮组成不同,各营养物质的表观消化率不同;瘤胃可降解蛋白质与瘤胃非降解蛋白质比例的变化,不会对全消化道养分的表观消化率产生显著影响;本研究中10种饲料的MP与DP的比例范围在50.96%—62.33%之间,基于饲粮CP（%）含量预测可消化蛋白质（DP,%）的模型是DP=0.895×CP-2.663（R ²=0.994,n=10,P＜0.001）;基于养分含量（%）和可消化养分（%）建立的MP（g·kg ^-1 DM）预测模型分别是：MP=5.323×CP-14.374 (R ²=0.994,n=10,P＜0.001)和MP=5.899×DP+2.077 (R ²=0.984,n=10,P＜0.001)。 结论 饲粮中的粗蛋白质含量与可消化蛋白质存在强相关性;饲粮中概略养分含量和可消化养分与MP存在相关性,可以通过饲粮概略养分含量或可消化养分比较准确地估测精饲料的MP值。     

沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

【目的】 研究沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征,肉品质及血清生化指标的影响,为舍饲肉羊饲料添加剂的开发提供试验依据。【方法】 选取3月龄、体重相近的小尾寒羊公羊60只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,对照组（CK）饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加沙葱粉(AMR),沙葱水提物(AWE)和沙葱醇提物(AFE),添加剂量分别为10、3.4和2.8 g/（只•d）。试验持续75 d,其中预饲期15 d,正饲期60 d。正饲期内测定小尾寒羊生产性能,正饲期结束空腹颈静脉采血测定血清生化指标,随后每个重复随机选2只羊进行屠宰,立即测定胴体特征（胴体热重、屠宰率、肾周脂肪重、皮下脂肪厚度及硬度）,取胴体左侧背最长肌测定肉品质,取肾周脂肪、尾部脂肪、背部皮下脂肪和大网膜脂肪测定脂肪肉色。【结果】 与对照组相比,①沙葱醇提物组的平均日采食量显著降低（P=0.001）,饲料转化率显著升高（P=0.039）,平均日增重无显著性变化（P>0.05）;②日粮添加沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力（P=0.029）;③沙葱粉组、水提物组和醇提物组肾周脂肪的黄度值（b^*）无显著性差异（P>0.050）,醇提物组肾周脂肪（P=0.096）和大网膜脂肪（P=0.087）的b^*值与沙葱粉组相比有升高的趋势,而红度值（a^*）（P=0.044）和饱和度（C^*）（P=0.021）显著高于沙葱粉组;④添加沙葱及其提取物能够显著升高血清总蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清白蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱醇提物能够显著降低血清尿素氮（P=0.024）的含量。【结论】 沙葱及其提取物对舍饲小尾寒羊胴体特征和脂肪肉色无显著影响;日粮中添加沙葱醇提物能够显著提高小尾寒羊饲料转化率,沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力,提高羊肉嫩度;同时沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清中总蛋白和白蛋白的含量,促进肉羊对蛋白质的吸收。     

Grain zinc and iron concentrations of Chinese wheat landraces and cultivars and their responses to foliar micronutrient applications

Grain zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations and their responses to foliar application of micronutrients in 28 Chinese wheat landraces and 63 cultivars were investigated in a two-year field experiment.  The average grain Zn and Fe concentrations were 41.8 mg kg^–1 (29.0−63.3 mg kg^–1) and 39.7 mg kg^–1 (27.9−67.0 mg kg^–1), respectively.  Compared with cultivars, landraces had greater grain Zn (11.0%) and Fe (4.8%) concentrations but lower harvest index (HI), grain weight per spike (GWS), grain number per spike (GNS) and thousand grain weight (TGW).  Both Zn and Fe concentrations were negatively and significantly correlated with HI, GWS, and GNS, while showed a poor association with TGW, suggesting that lower HI, GWS, and GNS, but not TGW, accounted for higher Zn and Fe concentrations for landraces than for cultivars.  Grain Zn concentrations of both cultivars and landraces significantly increased after foliar Zn spray and the increase was two-fold greater for landraces (12.6 mg kg^–1) than for cultivars (6.4 mg kg^–1).  Foliar Fe spray increased grain Fe concentrations of landraces (3.4 mg kg^–1) and cultivars (1.2 mg kg^–1), but these increases were not statistically significant.  This study showed that Chinese wheat landraces had higher grain Zn and Fe concentrations than cultivars, and greater increases occurred in grain Zn concentration than in grain Fe concentration in response to fertilization, suggesting that Chinese wheat landraces could serve as a potential genetic source for enhancing grain mineral levels in modern wheat cultivars.     

胆碱对鹅体内脂质代谢及肝脏FAS基因mRNA表达的影响

【目的】探讨胆碱对青农灰鹅体内脂质转运、代谢的作用及脂肪酸合成酶FAS（fatty acid synthase）基因表达的影响,确定鹅日粮中胆碱的最适添加量。【方法】将180只1日龄青农灰鹅随机分为6个处理组,每处理组3个重复,每个重复10只。试验在玉米-豆粕型饲粮的基础上各组的胆碱添加量分别为0、600、1 200、1 800、2 400和3 000 mg•kg-1,试验期15周。屠宰后测定肝脏和血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯,血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、葡萄糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平,肝脏脂蛋白酯酶、肝脂酶及血清胆碱酯酶活性和肝脏脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）基因表达量。【结果】①4周龄时,饲粮中添加胆碱显著降低肝脏和血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素水平和血清胆碱酯酶活性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;显著提高肝脏脂蛋白酯酶、肝脂酶活性和血清胰高血糖素水平（P＜0.05）;但对血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、葡萄糖含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）。15周龄时,饲粮中添加胆碱显著降低肝脏和血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量与胰岛素水平及血清胆碱酯酶活性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;显著提高肝脏脂蛋白酯酶、肝脂酶活性和血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰高血糖素水平（P＜0.05）;但对血清葡萄糖含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）。②饲粮中添加胆碱显著提高肝脏FAS基因的表达量（P＜0.01）,且肝脏脂肪酸合成酶基因表达量随胆碱添加水平呈先下降后上升趋势。【结论】综合考虑胆碱对鹅肝脏脂质代谢的影响,1—4和5—15周龄鹅饲粮中胆碱适宜添加量分别为1 200—1 800和1 200 mg•kg-1。     

日粮中添加微量组分对鸡蛋胆固醇的影响

将２１６只１０５周龄北京红鸡，随机分为６个处理，每处理６个重复，每重复６只鸡，试验为期４周。试验组日粮分别添加 １２５ ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜、５０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ大蒜素、１２５ ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜＋５０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ大蒜素、１ｍｇ／ｋｇ吡啶羧酸铬和５０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ壳聚糖，在一致背景下，探讨日粮中添加钢、大蒜素、吡啶羧酸铬及壳聚糖对鸡蛋胆固醇的影响。结果表．明：①日粮中添加铜和大蒜素，蛋黄胆固醇浓度（ｍｇ／ｇ蛋黄）分别下降６．７％（Ｐ＞０．０５）和１１．０％（Ｐ＜０．０５），鸡蛋胆固醇含量（ｍｇ／枚）分别降低１１．０％和９．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。②铜、大蒜素、有机铬、壳聚糖４种物质中，铜降低鸡蛋胆固醇含量的作用最显著。蛋鸡采食含铜１２５ ｍｇ／ｋｇ日粮４周，在不影响产蛋率的情况下显著降低了鸡蛋胆固醇含量。③铜和有机铬均极显著降低了蛋鸡血浆总胆固醇（ＰＭ０．０１）、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ（ＰＭ０．０１）水平，而且铜还显著升高了ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

灌喂鼠李糖乳杆菌对妊娠后期小鼠粪便菌群多样性影响

【目的】研究妊娠期小鼠灌喂鼠李糖乳杆菌至分娩前对小鼠粪便中菌群多样性和物种丰度的影响。【方法】选择体重相近(23.33±1.55) g,配种日期相同的昆明妊娠小白鼠30只,将30只妊娠小鼠随机分为2组,每组15只,分别为对照组和试验组。在相同的饲养条件和日粮营养水平下,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮的基础上灌喂0.5 mL含有0.125 g鼠李糖乳杆菌的灭菌生理盐水,试验期21 d。【结果】(1)灌喂鼠李糖乳杆菌对小鼠粪便菌群多样性无显著性影响(P>0.05),但降低了试验组Simpson指数。(2)在门水平上,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门的丰度之和在90%以上,厚壁菌门试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但拟杆菌菌门和变形菌门试验组分别比对照组降低了21.95%(P<0.05)、26.15%(P<0.05)。在科水平上,毛螺菌科、乳酸细菌科和韦荣球菌科试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在属水平上,乳酸杆菌属、未确定毛螺菌科属与Lachnoclostridium试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。【结论】妊娠期小鼠灌喂鼠李糖乳杆菌,对小鼠粪便菌群多样性无显著性影响,但可以提高小鼠肠道细菌物种丰度,对厚壁菌门、毛螺菌科、乳酸细菌科、韦荣球菌科、乳酸杆菌属、未确定毛螺菌科属和Lachnoclostridium丰度具有显著性影响。