Grain zinc and iron concentrations of Chinese wheat landraces and cultivars and their responses to foliar micronutrient applications

Grain zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations and their responses to foliar application of micronutrients in 28 Chinese wheat landraces and 63 cultivars were investigated in a two-year field experiment.  The average grain Zn and Fe concentrations were 41.8 mg kg^–1 (29.0−63.3 mg kg^–1) and 39.7 mg kg^–1 (27.9−67.0 mg kg^–1), respectively.  Compared with cultivars, landraces had greater grain Zn (11.0%) and Fe (4.8%) concentrations but lower harvest index (HI), grain weight per spike (GWS), grain number per spike (GNS) and thousand grain weight (TGW).  Both Zn and Fe concentrations were negatively and significantly correlated with HI, GWS, and GNS, while showed a poor association with TGW, suggesting that lower HI, GWS, and GNS, but not TGW, accounted for higher Zn and Fe concentrations for landraces than for cultivars.  Grain Zn concentrations of both cultivars and landraces significantly increased after foliar Zn spray and the increase was two-fold greater for landraces (12.6 mg kg^–1) than for cultivars (6.4 mg kg^–1).  Foliar Fe spray increased grain Fe concentrations of landraces (3.4 mg kg^–1) and cultivars (1.2 mg kg^–1), but these increases were not statistically significant.  This study showed that Chinese wheat landraces had higher grain Zn and Fe concentrations than cultivars, and greater increases occurred in grain Zn concentration than in grain Fe concentration in response to fertilization, suggesting that Chinese wheat landraces could serve as a potential genetic source for enhancing grain mineral levels in modern wheat cultivars.     

Development and characterization of wheat–Aegilopskotschyi1Uk(1A) substitution line with positive dough quality parameters

Exploring novel high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) from wild related species is a strategy to improve wheat processing quality.  The objective of the present investigation was to identify the chromosomes of the wheat-alien introgression line N124, derived from the hybridization between Triticum aestivum with Aegilops kotschyi, and characterize the effects on quality-related traits.  Fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotypes showed that N124 is a disomic 1U^k(1A) substitution line.  Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography verified N124 expressed two HMW-GSs of the Ae. kotschyi parent.  PacBio RNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the two HMW-GSs were U^kx and U^ky.  Compared to the wheat parent, the substitution line had no obvious agronomic defects except fewer grains per spike but improved several major quality parameters.  It can be served as a donor or bridge material for wheat quality improvement.     

152份黄淮海麦区小麦农家品种抗条锈性评价及重要条锈病抗性基因的分子检测

【目的】黄淮海麦区是中国最重要的小麦生产基地和条锈病流行区,从该麦区小麦农家品种中鉴定一批对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病生理小种具有稳定抗性的优良种质,并了解其携带当前抗病育种利用的重要条锈病抗性基因分布,为进一步在条锈病抗性育种中有效利用和发掘其抗性基因提供材料基础。【方法】应用当前中国小麦生产上毒性强、流行频率高的条锈菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）对152份来源于黄淮海麦区小麦农家品种进行苗期抗性鉴定,并于2016年和2018年分别在四川崇州和绵阳利用由条锈菌CYR32、CYR33、CYR34、水源11-4、水源11-5组成的混合小种进行人工接种和成株期抗性鉴定;同时利用Yr9、Yr10、Yr18、Yr24/26、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr80和Yr81共13个小麦育种和生产上应用的重要已知条锈病抗性基因的标记进行分子检测,推测其可能携带的抗性基因。【结果】9份农家品种对CYR32具有苗期抗性,9份对CYR34具有苗期抗性;其中,2份种质在苗期对CYR32和CYR34均表现抗性。35份农家品种表现为稳定的成株期抗性,占23.03%。结合苗期和成株期抗性表型分析,7份种质表现出全生育期抗性,占4.61%。利用已知条锈病抗性基因单基因系为阳性对照进行分子检测发现,131份种质携带Yr18,2份携带Yr41,13份携带Yr48,57份携带Yr81;共有66份种质同时携带2个抗性基因组合类型（Yr18+Yr41、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr81和Yr48+Yr81）;所有供试材料均未检测到Yr9、Yr10、Yr24/26、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr65、Yr67和Yr80;5份抗性种质未检测到上述Yr基因,可能携带未检测的其他已知条锈病抗性基因或未鉴定的新基因。【结论】黄淮海麦区小麦农家品种对当前流行的条锈病生理小种多表现为成株期抗性,该麦区主要携带来源于中国农家品种抗性基因Yr18和Yr81;获得的苗期或成株期稳定抗性农家品种可能携带对当前小麦生产中流行小种具有抗性的其他已知或未知基因及其组合,是在小麦条锈病持久抗性育种中可进一步利用的重要抗源。     

Diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton: Design,synthesis, and insecticidal activity

Diamide derivatives are biologically active molecules that have been widely applied in recent years in research on pesticides, especially insecticides.  Using a simple and environmentally friendly scheme, a series of new diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton was designed, synthesized, and confirmed by ¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR, and HR-MS.  Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera were measured and the relationship between structure and activity was investigated.  Eight of the title compounds (D2, D5, D10, D21, D28, D29, D30 and D33) showed 100% activity against P. xylostella at 500 mg L^–1.  One compound, D33, still showed 100% activity against P. xylostella at 100 mg L^–1 and had the lowest LC₅₀ (lethal concentration 50%, 3.7 mg L^–1) among the synthesized compounds.  Molecular docking analysis revealed that D33 could be thoroughly embedded in the active pocket of the ryanodine receptor via hydrogen bonding in a manner similar to the commercial insecticide chlorantraniliprole.     

Effects of LPA on the development of sheep in vitro fertilized embryos and attempt to establish sheep embryonic stem cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small molecule glycerophospholipid, which regulates multiple downstream signalling pathways through G-protein-coupled receptors to achieve numerous functions on oocyte maturation and embryo development.  In this study, sheep in vitro fertilized embryos were applied to investigate the effects of LPA on early embryos development and embryonic stem cell establishment.  At first, the maturation medium containing estrus female sheep serum and synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) were optimized for sheep IVF, and then the effects of LPA were investigated.  From 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1, LPA had no significant effect on the cleavage rate (P>0.05), but the maturation rate and blastocyst rate increased dependently with LPA concentration (P<0.05), and the blastocyst morphology was normal.  When the LPA concentration was 15 μmol L^–1, the maturation rate, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the blastocyst exhibited abnormal morphology and could not develop into high-quality blastocyst.  Besides, the exogenous LPA increases the expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, TE-related gene CDX-2 and pluripotency-related gene OCT-4 in sheep early IVF embryos with the raise of LPA concentration from 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1.  The expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, CDX-2 and OCT-4 from the LPA-0.1 μmol L^–1 to LPA-10 μmol L^–1 groups in early embryos were extremely significant (P<0.05), while the expression of these genes significantly decreased in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  The inner cell mass in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos was also disturbed, and the blastocysts formation was abnormal.  Secondly, the sheep IVF blastocysts were applied to establish embryonic stem cells.  The results showed that LPA made the blastocyst inoculated cells grow towards TSC-like cells.  They enhanced the fluorescence intensity and mRNA abundance of OCT-4 and CDX-2 as the concentration increased from 0 to 10 μmol L^–1, while 15 μmol L^–1 LPA decreased OCT-4 and CDX-2 expression in the derived cells.  The expression of CDX-2 and OCT-4 in the blastocyst inoculated cells of LPA-1 μmol L^–1 group and LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group extremely significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was significant decrease in LPA-15 μmol L^–1 group compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  Meanwhile, the protein expression of LPAR2 and LPAR4 remarkably increased after treatment of LPA at 10 μmol L^–1 concentration.  This study references the IVF embryo production and embryonic stem cell research of domestic animals.      

小麦抗条锈病基因对中国条锈菌主要流行小种的抗性分析

目的 培育和广泛应用抗病小麦品种是防治条锈病最经济有效和环境友好的措施。由于条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst）群体中毒性变异频繁,发生新生理小种常导致主栽品种抗病性‘丧失’,引发条锈病大规模流行,严重威胁我国主粮安全供给。本研究通过监测和评价已知抗条锈病基因对我国目前主要条锈菌生理小种的抗性情况及变化,为抗条锈病基因的合理应用提供依据。方法 在温室内,分别用小麦条锈菌强毒性流行生理小种CYR32、CYR33、CYR34和弱毒性生理小种CYR17对103份抗条锈病基因载体品系接种,鉴定苗期抗病性;在条锈病常发区域四川郫都区和甘肃清水县设置鉴定圃,田间人工接种条锈菌CYR32、CYR33和CYR34小种的混合菌株,在湖北襄阳鉴定圃自然接种气传菌源,鉴定抗病基因载体品系的成株抗病性。按照0—4级侵染型分级标准调查抗病基因载体品系苗期和成株期抗条锈病表型级别。 结果 在86份全生育期抗病基因载体品系中,仅含有Yr5、Yr15和Yr45的载体品系全生育期高抗生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34,其他品系苗期均‘丧失’了对条锈菌3个高毒性小种的抗病性,但其中30个品系如CN19（Yr41）、AUS 28183（Yr47）和CH223（Yr50）保留了成株期对条锈病的抗性。在14份成株抗性类型的载体品系中,Yeoman（Yr13）、RL 6077（Yr46）、PI 183527（Yr52）、Louise（Qyrlo.Wpg-2BS）、RIL 65（Yr36）、PI 178759（Yr59）和PI 192252（Yr62）中抗至高抗条锈病;成株期具有2个（S112）或3个（S113）温敏微效基因载体品系中抗条锈病,而仅含一个微效基因的载体品系S111中感条锈病。结论 在所鉴定的具有单个或多个全生育期抗条锈病基因的品系中,仅有Yr5、Yr15和Yr45对当前主要流行小种具有全生育期抗性,但其中34.9%全生育期抗性类型品系仍保留了成株期抗锈性;小麦成株抗条锈病基因和全生育期抗病基因组合能提供较稳定持久的抗锈性。     

Breeding against mycorrhizal symbiosis: Modern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties perform more poorly than older varieties except at very high phosphorus supply levels

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber cash crop, but its root traits related to phosphorus (P) acquisition, including mycorrhizal root traits, are poorly understood.  Eight cotton varieties bred in northwestern China that were released between 1950 and 2013 were grown in pots with or without one arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species (Funneliformis mosseae) at three P supply levels (0, 50 and 300 mg P as KH₂PO₄ kg^–1).  Eleven root traits were measured and calculated after 7 wk of growth.  The more recent accessions had smaller root diameters, acquired less P and produced less biomass, indicating an (inadvertent) varietal selection for thinner roots that provided less cortical space for AMF, which then increased the need for a high P fertilizer level.  At the two lower P levels, the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P and produced more biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants (3.2 vs. 0.9 mg P per plant; 1.8 vs. 0.9 g biomass per plant at P₀; 14.5 vs. 1.7 mg P per plant; and 4.7 vs. 1.6 g biomass per plant at P₅₀).  At the highest P level, the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P than non-mycorrhizal plants (18.8 vs. 13.4 mg per P plant), but there was no difference in biomass (6.2 vs. 6.3 g per plant).  At the intermediate P level, root diameter was significantly positively correlated with shoot biomass, P concentration and the P content of mycorrhizal plants.  The results of our study support the importance of the outsourcing model of P acquisition in the root economics space framework.  Inadvertent varietal selection in the last decades, resulting in thinner roots and a lower benefit from AMF, has led to a lower productivity of cotton varieties at moderate P supply (i.e., when mycorrhizal, the average biomass of older varieties 5.0 g per plant vs. biomass of newer varieties 4.4 g per plant), indicating the need to rethink cotton breeding efforts in order to achieve high yields without very high P input.  One feasible way to solve the problem of inadvertent varietal selection for cotton is to be aware of the trade-offs between the root do-it-yourself strategy and the outsourcing towards AMF strategy, and to consider both morphological and mycorrhizal root traits when breeding cotton varieties.     

Screening and evaluation for antibiosis resistance of the spring wheat accessions to the grain aphid,Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Resistant cultivar deployment is an effective method for cereal aphid management.  Under greenhouse conditions, preliminary antibiosis resistance screening was conducted on 114 Ethiopian and 22 Chinese spring wheat accessions.  After performing a bioassay to determine antibiosis resistance, aphid feeding behaviour and phenolic acid content analyses were performed on the aphid resistant wheat accessions by electrical penetration graph (EPG) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively.  Among the wheat accessions, two high resistances, 27 moderate-resistances, and 35 low-resistances to Sitobion miscanthi were identified.  The antibiosis resistance test showed prolonged pre-adult and pre-reproductive periods, shorter reproductive periods, lower fecundity, an intrinsic rate (r_m) of increase, and a finite rate (λ) of increase of S. miscanthi on Lunxuan 145, Wane, Lunxuan 6, 204511, Lunxuan 103 and 5215 than those on the aphid-susceptible accession Beijing 837.  The changes for the parameters of aphid feeding behaviour, including spending a longer time in the penetration and phloem salivation phases and less time in the phloem sap-feeding phase on the resistant wheat accessions, the aphid resistance may occur during the phloem phase and may be due to mechanicalAdditionally, the HPLC analysis showed higher contents of: 1) ferulic acid in Lunxuan 145, Lunxuan 103 and Lunxuan 6; 2) p-coumaric acid in Lunxuan145; 3) vanillic acid in Lunxuan 145, Wane and Lunxuan 6; 4) syringic acid in Lunxuan 103; and 5) caffeic acid in 5215.  The contents of some phenolic acids within wheat leaves, such as p-courmaric acid and vanillic acid showed significant positive correlation with the duration of aphid development, but negative correlation with the aphid fecundity.  The concentrations of these acids may be the causes of antibiosis resistance to S. miscanthi.  The identification of grain aphid-resistant wheat accessions in our study will be helpful in future breeding program for pest control.     

Growth and nitrogen productivity of drip-irrigated winter wheat under different nitrogen fertigation strategies in the North China Plain

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).  Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.  A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha^–1) applications.  The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.  The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting).  The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha^–1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.  Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield, yield components, aboveground biomass (ABM), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).  The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield (8.84 and 8.85 t ha^–1), ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha^–1), WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m^–3) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg^–1).  This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.  Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading, the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP.     

OsMas1, a novel maspardin protein gene,confers tolerance to salt and drought stresses by regulating ABA signaling in rice

Drought and salt stresses, the major environmental abiotic stresses in agriculture worldwide, affect plant growth, crop productivity, and quality.  Therefore, developing crops with higher drought and salt tolerance is highly desirable.  This study reported the isolation, biological function, and molecular characterization of a novel maspardin gene, OsMas1, from rice.  The OsMas1 protein was localized to the cytoplasm.  The expression levels of OsMas1 were up-regulated under mannitol, PEG6000, NaCl, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments in rice.  The OsMas1 gene was introduced into the rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 (wild type, WT).  OsMas1-overexpression (OsMas1-OE) plants exhibited significantly enhanced salt and drought tolerance; in contrast, OsMas1-interference (OsMas1-RNAi) plants exhibited decreased tolerance to salt and drought stresses, compared with WT.  OsMas1-OE plants exhibited enhanced hypersensitivity, while OsMas1-RNAi plants showed less sensitivity to exogenous ABA treatment at both germination and post-germination stages.  ABA, proline and K⁺ contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and photosynthesis activities were significantly increased.  In contrast, malonaldehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion radical (O₂^-·), and Na⁺ contents were significantly decreased in OsMas1-OE plants compared with OsMas1-RNAi and WT plants.  Overexpression of OsMas1 up-regulated the genes involved in ABA signaling, proline biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging system, photosynthesis, and ion transport under salt and drought stresses.  Our results indicate that the OsMas1 gene improves salt and drought tolerance in rice, which may serve as a candidate gene for enhancing crop resistance to abiotic stresses.     

Biosynthesis of artemisinic acid in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its attractiveness to the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

Artemisia annua is an important preferred host of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum in autumn.  Volatiles emitted from A. annua attract A. lucorum.  Volatile artemisinic acid of A. annua is a precursor of artemisinin that has been widely investigated in the Chinese herbal medicine field.  However, little is known at this point about the biological roles of artemisinic acid in regulating the behavioral trends of A. lucorum.  In this study, we collected volatiles from A. annua at the seedling stage by using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME).  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that approximately 11.03±6.00 and 238.25±121.67 ng h^–1 artemisinic acid were detected in volatile samples and milled samples, respectively.  Subsequently, a key gene for artemisinic acid synthesis, the cytochrome P450 gene cyp71av1, was expressed in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to catalyze the production of artemisinic acid.  After the addition of exogenous artemisinic alcohol or artemisinic aldehyde, artemisinic acid was identified as the product of the expressed gene.  In electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, 3-day-old adult A. lucorum showed significant electrophysiological responses to artemisinic alcohol, artemisinic aldehyde and artemisinic acid.  Furthermore, 3-day-old female bugs were significantly attracted by artemisinic acid and artemisinic alcohol at a concentration of 10 mmol L^–1, whereas 3-day-old male bugs were attracted significantly by 10 mmol L^–1 artemisinic acid and artemisinic aldehyde.  We propose that artemisinic acid and its precursors could be used as potential attractant components for the design of novel integrated pest management strategies to control A. lucorum.     

基于亲本对条锈病敏感性预测小麦杂交种的抗性

【目的】通过亲本条锈病的抗性评价预测F₁代杂交种的抗病性,增强杂交小麦抗病育种的可预见性。【方法】以CYR23、CYR31、CYR33、CYR34 4个小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）生理小种作为供试菌源,感病小麦品种铭贤169作为阴性对照,通过成株期混合接种,对13份恢复系（父本）材料和21份不育系(母本)材料及其F₁代杂交种进行抗病性鉴定,并利用Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26等抗条锈基因的分子标记或基因标记对其可能携带的抗条锈基因进行分子检测。同时通过半定量PCR方法在亲本及部分F₁代植株的成株期进行条锈菌侵染量测定。【结果】所有材料均未鉴定到Yr5、Yr10、Yr15,Yr26多存在于四川品系,Yr9、Yr17多存在于北方品系,本研究所有恢复系材料均未鉴定到Yr18。亲本抗条锈基因在F₁代杂交种得到了聚合,符合遗传规律,表明分子标记可以用于杂交小麦抗病辅助选育。来自四川的恢复系及其F₁代杂交种整体表现优良抗性,推测其具有纯合显性的抗条锈基因,同时,这些小麦材料可以用于我国小麦抗条锈育种。F₁代的实际鉴定反应型趋于亲本反应型的平均值,二元回归分析结果表明亲本和F₁代的反应型之间有显著相关性（R²=0.812）。来自四川的恢复系及其F₁代对新毒性小种CYR34表现优良抗性,但亲本中未检测到Yr5、Yr15,推测其可能含有未知的抗条锈病基因。利用半定量PCR方法对所有恢复系、不育系和部分F₁代杂交种分别进行了供试条锈菌生理小种的菌量测定,结果显示所有亲本及其杂种中均未检测到CYR23,恢复系15CA50、不育系17L6078和15L7128有少量CYR31侵染,恢复系川13品6、MR1101和川麦98及其F₁代杂交种未检测到CYR33、CYR34。同时发现,对不同生理小种抗性互补的亲本能有效提高F₁代的抗病性。【结论】根据双亲对条锈病的反应型可以预测其F₁代杂交种的抗性水平,双亲的抗病水平越高,其F₁代杂交种的抗性就越好。同时可以选用具有不同条锈病生理小种抗性互补的亲本来提高F₁代杂交种的抗性水平。研究结果有助于探究亲本与F₁代杂交种之间的抗病规律,同时为杂交小麦抗病育种提供可参考的实践方案。     

dep1 improves rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing nitrogen and dry matter translocation

The rice cultivars carrying dep1 (dense and erect panicle 1) have the potential to achieve both high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).  However, few studies have focused on the agronomic and physiological performance of those cultivars associated with high yield and high NUE under field conditions.  Therefore, we evaluated the yield performance and NUE of two near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying DEP1 (NIL-DEP1) and dep1-1 (NIL-dep1) genes under the Nanjing 6 background at 0 and 120 kg N ha^–1.  Grain yield and NUE for grain production (NUEg) were 25.5 and 21.9% higher in NIL-dep1 compared to NIL-DEP1 averaged across N treatments and planting years, respectively.  The yield advantage of NIL-dep1 over NIL-DEP1 was mainly due to larger sink size (i.e., higher total spikelet number), grain-filling percentage, total dry matter production, and harvest index.  N utilization rather than N uptake contributed to the high yield of NIL-dep1.  Significantly higher NUEg in NIL-dep1 was associated with higher N and dry matter translocation efficiency, lower leaf and stem N concentration at maturity, and higher glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in leaves.  In conclusion, dep1 improved grain yield and NUE by increasing N and dry matter transport due to higher leaf GS activity under field conditions during the grain-filling period.     

结合基因关联和转录组分析鉴定小麦成株期抗条锈病位点YrZ501-2BL的候选基因

【目的】小麦条锈病是小麦的主要病害之一,每年都会对小麦产量安全造成严重危害,挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因,为小麦抗条锈病种质创新和揭示小麦抗条锈病遗传机制奠定基础。【方法】利用多组学手段结合全基因关联分析（GWAS）开展对小麦成株期抗条锈病性状的解析。首先对411份来自CIMMYT和ICARDA的春小麦进行全基因组关联分析,在小麦2BL染色体上定位到一个主效的成株期抗条锈病位点,并利用含有该位点的抗病材料Z501及感病亲本晋麦79的双亲群体进行连锁作图,成功验证了该位点抗性的稳定性,暂命名为YrZ501-2BL。在此基础上,通过基因注释、比较基因组分析、转录组分析和候选基因的关联分析对目标区间筛选候选基因。【结果】综合GWAS和连锁作图结果,将YrZ501-2BL锁定在小麦2B染色体0.26 Mb(575.706—576.587 Mb)范围内,根据中国春参考基因组注释信息分析,该区间含有12个基因,其中,高可信基因6个;利用在线网站,将目标区间所在的中国春参考基因组与其他已公布的不同倍性小麦基因组进行比较,发现该区间的6个高可信小麦基因基本都能在其他小麦材料中找到同源基因,且基因排列顺序相同,...     

Quantifying in situ N2 fluxes from an intensively managed calcareous soil using the 15N gas-flux method

Denitrification-induced nitrogen (N) losses from croplands may be greatly increased by intensive fertilization.  However, the accurate quantification of these losses is still challenging due to insufficient available in situ measurements of soil dinitrogen (N₂) emissions.  We carried out two one-week experiments in a maize–wheat cropping system with calcareous soil using the ¹⁵N gas-flux (¹⁵NGF) method to measure in situ N₂ fluxes following urea application.  Applications of ¹⁵N-labeled urea (99 atom%, 130–150 kg N ha⁻¹) were followed by irrigation on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days after fertilization (DAF 1, 3, and 5, respectively).  The detection limits of the soil N₂ fluxes were 163–1 565, 81–485, and 54–281 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ for the two-, four-, and six-hour static chamber enclosures, respectively.  The N₂ fluxes measured in 120 cases varied between 159 and 2 943 (811 on average) μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, which were higher than the detection limits, with the exception of only two cases.  The N₂ fluxes at DAF 3 were significantly higher (by nearly 80% (P<0.01)) than those at DAF 1 and 5 in the maize experiment, while there were no significant differences among the irrigation times in the wheat experiment.  The N₂ fluxes and the ratios of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to the N₂O plus N₂ fluxes following urea application to maize were approximately 65% and 11 times larger, respectively (P<0.01), than those following urea application to wheat.  Such differences could be mainly attributed to the higher soil water contents, temperatures, and availability of soil N substrates in the maize experiment than in the wheat experiment.  This study suggests that the ¹⁵NGF method is sensitive enough to measure in situ N₂ fluxes from intensively fertilized croplands with calcareous soils.     

我国畜禽饲料资源中微量元素锌含量分布的调查

目的 研究我国不同地区间各种饲料原料中锌含量分布情况,以及我国畜禽基础饲粮中锌水平,为饲粮中合理添补锌提供科学依据。方法 对采自全国31个省、直辖市和自治区的37种共3 919个主要畜禽饲料原料,经微波消解后,用IRIS Intrepid II等离子体发射光谱仪测定其锌含量。主要畜禽饲料原料可分为七大类,包括谷类籽实（玉米、小麦、稻谷及大麦）、谷物籽实加工副产品（碎米、次粉、小麦麸、米糠、玉米DDGS、小麦DDGS、玉米胚芽粕及玉米蛋白粉）、植物性蛋白饲料（膨化大豆、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉粕、花生粕、亚麻粕、葵花粕）、动物性蛋白饲料（鱼粉、肉粉、水解羽毛粉、肠系膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和血球蛋白粉）、秸秆类饲料（玉米秸、甘薯藤、稻秸和小麦秸）、牧草类饲料（羊草、黑麦草、苜蓿和青贮玉米）和矿物质饲料（石粉、磷酸氢钙、贝壳粉和骨粉）。结果 结果表明：这37种饲料原料的平均锌含量范围为5.5—268.2 mg·kg ^-1之间,而各类饲料原料锌含量分布规律是：矿物质饲料（107.8 mg·kg ^-1）＞动物性蛋白饲料（69.8 mg·kg ^-1）＞植物性蛋白饲料（54.9 mg·kg ^-1）＞谷类籽实加工副产品（43.0 mg·kg ^-1）＞牧草类饲料（26.4 mg·kg ^-1）＞谷类籽实（22.7 mg·kg ^-1）＞秸秆类饲料（18.8 mg·kg ^-1）。同一类饲料中,除牧草类饲料中的锌含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）外,其他类别的不同饲料中的锌含量均存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,其中矿物质饲料锌含量以磷酸氢钙最高（268.2 mg·kg ^-1）,石粉最低（7.3 mg·kg ^-1）;动物性蛋白饲料锌含量以水解羽毛粉最高（120.8 mg·kg ^-1）, 血球蛋白粉最低（19.6 mg·kg ^-1）;植物性蛋白饲料锌含量以亚麻粕最高（85.2 mg·kg ^-1）, 膨化大豆最低（38.9 mg·kg ^-1）;谷物籽实加工副产品锌含量以小麦麸最高（86.2 mg·kg ^-1）,碎米最低（12.5 mg·kg ^-1）;谷类籽实锌含量以小麦最高（30.4 mg·kg ^-1）,玉米最低（16.9 mg·kg ^-1）;秸秆类饲料锌含量以稻秸最高（27.6 mg·kg ^-1）, 小麦秸最低（5.5 m·kg ^-1）。通过比较不同省（区）玉米、小麦和豆粕的锌含量发现,不同省（区）同一种饲料原料的锌含量均存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,其中广东省玉米锌含量最高（20.6 mg·kg ^-1）,而吉林省最低（13.7 mg·kg ^-1）;四川省小麦锌含量最高（41.4 mg·kg ^-1）,甘肃省最低（22.4 mg·kg ^-1）;山西省豆粕锌含量最高（51.5 mg·kg ^-1）,江苏省最低（46.6 mg·kg ^-1）。根据全国各地猪、鸡常用的142个饲粮配方所计算出的基础饲粮中锌含量范围为21.3—31.0 mg·kg ^-1,如按我国猪、鸡饲养标准或美国NRC畜禽锌营养需要量的要求,基础饲粮中锌含量可提供猪、鸡前期约1/4的锌营养需要,可提供猪、鸡后期约1/2的锌营养需要结论 不同种类和不同地区饲料原料中锌含量差异较大,全国各地猪、鸡常用的基础饲粮配方中锌含量可提供猪、鸡部分锌营养需要量。因此,在实际生产中,应充分考虑不同地区基础饲粮中的锌含量,精准配制饲粮,以满足畜禽高效生产的需要,同时减少锌的添加和排放对环境的污染。     

Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a role in phosphorus depletion in organic manure amended high fertility soil

The species richness and propagule number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are high in intensively-managed agricultural soils.  Past research has shown that AMF improve crop phosphorus (P) uptake under low soil P conditions, however it is unclear if AMF play a role in high Olsen-P soils.  In this study, we investigated whether native fungal benefits exist under high P input field conditions in-situ and contribute to P utilization.  We installed in-grow tubes which were sealed with different membrane pore sizes (30 or 0.45 µm) to allow or prevent AMF hyphae access to the hyphal compartment and prevent cotton roots from penetrating the chamber.  We used the depletion of soil available P (Olsen-P) in the hyphae accessed compartment to indicate P uptake by the native AMF community.  Our results showed that the native AMF mediated P depletion and microbial biomass P (MBP) turnover and caused the largest Olsen-P depletion ratio and MBP turnover ratio in the high P treatments (Olsen-P: 78.29 mg kg^–1).  The cotton roots in each fertilization regime were colonized by a unique AMF community and Glomus and Paraglomus were the dominant genera, implying the long-term fertilization regimes domesticated the AMF community.  We conclude that native AMF caused the P depletion and P turnover even under high soil Olsen-P conditions.