适配体的研究进程与思考

适配体（aptamer）是指利用指数富集的配体系统进化（SELEX）技术，从人工合成的寡核苷酸文库中筛选获得的能够与靶分子特异结合的短单链DNA和RNA分子。筛选得到的适配体可以与DNA，RNA，蛋白质或其它靶分子结合，影响这些靶分子的性质，从而起到改变与靶分子相关的生物学功能的效果。而且研究发现，适配体在与靶分子相互作用时，不仅序列，它们所形成的三维结构也尤其重要。同时，适配体在生物医药研究方面显示出广阔的应用前景。介绍了适配体的发展历程，以及一些典型适配体的生物学功效。提出了RNA适配体三维结构在与靶分子进行相互作用时可能发挥重要作用，以期为RNA适配体的筛选提供理论思考。     

适配体制备技术及其在农产品化学污染物检测中的应用

通过指数富集配体系统进化技术筛选的核酸适配体,依靠其特定的三维结构可以和包括小分子、蛋白、核酸,甚至细胞、组织等在内的各种靶分子高亲和力高特异性结合。与传统识别分子抗体相比,具有制备简单、性能稳定、便于标记等优点,成为分析化学领域一种新的分析工具。本文综述了适配体制备技术以及适配体在农产品中农兽药残留、违禁添加物、生物毒素检测方面的应用研究进展。     

运用SELEX技术筛选嗜水气单胞菌适配子

以嗜水气单胞菌为研究对象,采用适体筛选技术（ SELEX, system evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment）,利用体外合成的长度为J8个核苷酸的随机ssDNA文库,以嗜水气单胞菌为靶目标进行12轮的筛选,利用生物素一抗地高辛碱性磷酸酶显色系统检测DNA适配子与嗜水气单胞菌的亲和力．研究结果表明：随着筛选轮数的增加,DNA适配子与嗜水气单胞菌结合后显色,A（absorbance）值逐渐增加,亲和力由最初的0．32升到第9轮的0．72．研究已初步筛选到与嗜水气单胞菌具有高亲和力的DNA适配子,为嗜水气单胞菌的二级结构研究及其检测试剂盒的研发提供了基础．     

基于局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)的核酸适配体筛选新方法的建立

为了快速、高效地筛选到靶标核酸适配体,急需通过指数富集的配基系统进化技术(SELEX)建立一种简便、高效和可视化筛选适配体的新方法。以链霉亲和素(SA)作为靶标模型,利用局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)和毛细管电泳(CE)相结合的方法进行筛选和验证。结果显示,在第1轮LSPR-SELEX中,筛选到SA结合的适配体(SBA),并且通过LSPR的Trace Drawer数据分析软件计算出SBA的K_D值为107μmol/L;在第2轮LSPR-SELEX中,SBA的K_D值为98 nmol/L。结果表明,采用LSPR-SELEX技术经2轮筛选,使SBA的亲和力提高了1 000倍。随后,将筛选到的SBA进行CE验证,结果显示, SBA适配体与其靶标SA具有良好的亲和性和特异性。综上,鉴于LSPR从初始DNA文库中分离和收集靶标适配体的高效性,LSPR-SELEX技术可用于核酸适配体的筛选。     

阿司匹林与DNA相互作用的光谱研究

[目的]研究阿司匹林（ASP）与DNA相互作用的机理。[方法]在pH值为4．5的Tnis—HCl缓冲溶液体系中,应用荧光光谱法和紫外光谱技术研究ASP和DNA分子间的相互作用;利用Stem-Volmer方程探讨DNA对阿司匹林的荧光猝灭机制。[结果]DNA与ASP之间存在较强的相互作用,25qc时结合常数为2．17×10^6L／mol,结合位点数为1．7735,结合方式是ASP通过嵌入结合的方式与DNA结合。[结论]该研究可为进一步研究ASP的药理活性提供重要信息。     

用单价STV制备单分子蛋白质-DNA复合物的研究

将生物素结合位点失活的链霉亲和素(streptavidin,STV)变异体变性后的亚基与野生型STV变性后的亚基以摩尔比3∶1的比例混合,然后重折叠复性,镍柱层析分离得到只有一个有活性生物素结合位点的突变体STV,即单价STV。将单价STV与500bp一端生物素标记的双链DNA(biotin-DNA)按不同摩尔比混合孵育,探讨使用单价STV制备1STV-1DNA复合物的可行性,并筛选制备1STV-1DNA复合物的最佳混合摩尔比。结果表明,在所用的摩尔比梯度中,单价STV与biotin-DNA混合的最佳摩尔比为1∶1,与使用野生型STV制备方法相比,使用单价STV更为简便、高效,为单分子DNA操纵、单分子DNA-蛋白质相互作用研究以及单分子DNA芯片的制备等提供了便捷的方法。     

大尾寒羊和小尾寒羊尾部脂肪lncRNA差异表达分析

【目的】通过识别影响绵羊尾部脂肪沉积的长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA),深入研究lncRNA参与绵羊尾部脂肪沉积的规律。【方法】采集大尾寒羊和小尾寒羊2个品种各3只公羊的尾部脂肪组织样本，通过Illumina NextSeq500高通量测序技术对样本RNA进行转录组测序，对所获得的reads进行lncRNA分析，筛选出差异表达lncRNA,通过GO和KEGG富集分析挖掘lncRNA靶基因参与的生物学过程和代谢途径。【结果】研究共筛选获得22个差异表达的lncRNA,对其进行靶基因预测，获得20个顺式靶基因。通过对靶基因功能分析，检测到包括调控血管生成、细胞迁移、胰岛素反应和MAPK级联反应正调控的4条生物学过程，以及胞外区、细胞外间隙的2条细胞组分。KEGG富集分析筛选到20个靶基因参与脂肪细胞因子信号通路、进入脂质代谢、代谢途径、AMPK信号通路和磷脂酶D信号通路等19条信号通路。【结论】本研究鉴定了影响绵羊尾部脂肪沉积的差异表达lncRNA及其靶基因，为进一步研究绵羊尾部脂肪沉积过程的作用机理奠定基础。     

5 种呋喃香豆素分子潜在风险分析

【目的】研究 5 种呋喃香豆素分子与 DNA 的相互作用,分析其潜在风险。【方法】通过共振散 射光谱法（RLS）计算呋喃香豆素分子与 DNA 的结合饱和值（DNA BSV）,通过 DNA BSV 反映药物分子与 DNA 结合能力以评价其潜在风险。【结果】大肠杆菌 DNA 回收试验结果表明,呋喃香豆素类分子可以或部分 进入大肠杆菌细胞内,并与 DNA 发生相互作用;呋喃香豆素 RLS 信号变化与溴化乙锭十分相似,其进入大肠 杆菌 DNA 的能力由强到弱依次为：异补骨脂素 / 补骨脂素、花椒毒酚、香柠檬烯、花椒毒素。【结论】呋喃香 豆素类分子能够从体外转移到大肠杆菌内部并于其 DNA 发生相互作用,且结合模式可能是嵌入;通过计算各 自的 DNA BSV,推测 5 种呋喃香豆素类化合物潜在风险不大,但仍具有一定风险。     

紫外激光交联和染色质免疫沉淀技术及其应用

紫外激光交联和染色质免疫沉淀技术(UV laser crosslinking and chromatin immunoprecipitation,UV-X-ChIP)是研究蛋白质与DNA的相互作用及鉴定转录因子靶DNA的一条新途径。该技术结合DNA芯片、Southern杂交及DNA文库的构建可用于研究蛋白质与DNA的相互作用及高通量筛选已知转录因子在全基因组范围内的结合位点,这为转录因子调控网络的绘制奠定基础。笔者对紫外激光交联和染色质免疫沉淀技术及应用作一综述。     

特异性识别草鱼呼肠孤病毒感染细胞的ssDNA核酸适配体筛选与鉴定

[目的]筛选出能高特异性和高亲和性识别草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)感染细胞的核酸适配体,为研发操作便捷、成本低、耗时短、准确度高的GCRV检测技术打下基础,同时为提高水产疫病检测及防控效率提供技术支持.[方法]以草鱼呼肠孤病毒I型(GCRVI)感染的宿主细胞为靶标,采用指数富集的配体系统进化技术(SELEX)进行特异性核酸适配体筛选,并通过激光共聚焦显微技术和流式细胞术对筛选获得的核酸适配体性质进行系统分析.[结果]筛选获得的核酸适配体GVIK1能特异性识别并结合在GCRVI感染的草鱼肾脏组织细胞系(CIK)表面,但不识别正常的CIK细胞及石斑鱼神经坏死病毒广西株(GNNV)感染的石斑鱼脾细胞(GS);其二级结构具有独特复杂的茎环结构,吉布斯自由能(△G)为-32.93 kJ/mol,无细胞毒性.核酸适配体GVIK1结合靶标细胞的亲和常数(Kd)为148.22 nmol/L,即核酸适配体GVIK1与靶标细胞间的亲和力极强,达纳摩尔级别.核酸适配体GVIK1在靶标细胞表面的结合位点是细胞膜蛋白或膜蛋白相关结构,其在靶标细胞表面的结合位点出现在病毒感染后的第5h.临床试验结果表明,筛选获得的核酸适配体GVIK1可作为高特异性分子探针用于诊断GCRV感染所致的草鱼出血病.[结论]基于SELEX技术筛选获得能特异性识别GCRVI感染宿主细胞的核酸适配体GVIK1,可作为核酸分子探针用于研发操作便捷、成本低、耗时短、准确度高的GCRV快速检测技术,实现实时监测和有效防控.     

In vitro Selection of DNA Aptamers and Fluorescence-Based Recognition for Rapid Detection Listeria monocytogenes

Aptamers are specific nucleic acid sequences that can bind to a wide range of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets with high affinity and specificity. Nucleic acid aptamers are selected in vitro from single stranded DNA or RNA ligands containing random sequences of up to a few hundred nucleotides. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to select and PCR amplify DNA sequences (aptamers) capable of binding to and detecting Listeria monocytogenes, one of the major food-borne pathogens. A simplified affinity separation approach was employed, in which L. monocytogenes in exponential (log) phase of growth was used as the separation target. A fluorescently-labeled aptamer assay scheme was devised for detecting L. monocytogenes. This report described a novel approach to the detection of L. monocytogenes using DNA aptamers. Aptamers were developed by nine rounds of SELEX. A high affinity aptamer was successfully selected from the initial random DNA pool, and its secondary structure was also investigated. One of aptamers named e01 with the highest affinity was further tested in aptamer-peroxidase and aptamer-fluorescence staining protocols. This study has proved the principle that the whole-cell SELEX could be a promising technique to design aptamer-based molecular probes for dectection of pathogenic microorganisms without tedious isolation and purification of complex markers or targets.     

Synthetic genetic polymers capable of heredity and evolution

Genetic information storage and processing rely on just two polymers, DNA and RNA, yet whether their role reflects evolutionary history or fundamental functional constraints is currently unknown. With the use of polymerase evolution and design, we show that genetic information can be stored in and recovered from six alternative genetic polymers based on simple nucleic acid architectures not found in nature [xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs)]. We also select XNA aptamers, which bind their targets with high affinity and specificity, demonstrating that beyond heredity, specific XNAs have the capacity for Darwinian evolution and folding into defined structures. Thus, heredity and evolution, two hallmarks of life, are not limited to DNA and RNA but are likely to be emergent properties of polymers capable of information storage.     

SELEX技术筛选毒死蜱单链DNA适体

试验旨在利用SELEX技术体外筛选毒死蜱的特异性适体。体外合成全长为91 nt的ssDNA文库,以链亲和素修饰的凝胶为载体、毒死蜱为靶分子进行SELEX(配体指数增强系统进化技术)筛选。利用荧光标记法测定适体的筛选效率、亲和力和特异性,通过MFOLD分析软件对亲和力较高的适体进行二级结构预测和结合位点分析。结果表明,经过15轮筛选后,DNA文库的筛选效率达到44.00%;最终获得9条ssDNA适体,其中适体N23对毒死蜱具有最高的亲和力,其结合活性显著高于N23与水胺硫磷、丙溴磷、氧化乐果的结合活性;二级结构表明茎环结构可能是毒死蜱与适体相互作用的结构基础。     

Adaptive recognition by nucleic acid aptamers

Nucleic acid molecules play crucial roles in diverse biological processes including the storage, transport, processing, and expression of the genetic information. Nucleic acid aptamers are selected in vitro from libraries containing random sequences of up to a few hundred nucleotides. Selection is based on the ability to bind ligand molecules with high affinity and specificity. Three-dimensional structures have been determined at high resolution for a number of aptamers in complex with their cognate ligands. Structures of aptamer complexes reveal the key molecular interactions conferring specificity to the aptamer-ligand association, including the precise stacking of flat moieties, specific hydrogen bonding, and molecular shape complementarity. These basic principles of discriminatory molecular interactions in aptamer complexes parallel recognition events central to many cellular processes involving nucleic acids.     

Binding of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides to DNA, RNA, and protein of mouse skin occurs with high stereoselectivity

The formation, stereostructure, and cellular reactions of the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide metabolites of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene have been examined after topical application of benzo[a]pyrene to the skin of mice. In this known target tissue, polymer adducts from diastereomeric diol epoxides, (+)-(7S, 8R, 9R, 10R) and (+)-(7R, 8S, 9R, 10R), were formed stereospecifically from their corresponding 7,8-dihydrodiols. Both diol epoxides bind with proteins, RNA, and DNA in vivo. For the nucleic acids, binding occurs preferentially at the 2-amino group of guanine in cellular RNA and DNA in vivo. Methods for establishing the structure of the cellular adducts as well as the possible biological implications of their formation are discussed.     

Target-oriented and diversity-oriented organic synthesis in drug discovery

Modern drug discovery often involves screening small molecules for their ability to bind to a preselected protein target. Target-oriented syntheses of these small molecules, individually or as collections (focused libraries), can be planned effectively with retrosynthetic analysis. Drug discovery can also involve screening small molecules for their ability to modulate a biological pathway in cells or organisms, without regard for any particular protein target. This process is likely to benefit in the future from an evolving forward analysis of synthetic pathways, used in diversity-oriented synthesis, that leads to structurally complex and diverse small molecules. One goal of diversity-oriented syntheses is to synthesize efficiently a collection of small molecules capable of perturbing any disease-related biological pathway, leading eventually to the identification of therapeutic protein targets capable of being modulated by small molecules. Several synthetic planning principles for diversity-oriented synthesis and their role in the drug discovery process are presented in this review.     

与GyrA相互作用的GyrB结构域突变对结核分枝杆菌螺旋酶功能的影响

DNA螺旋酶中的GyrA与GyrB亚基只有互作重组后才有酶活性。为寻找GyrB亚基和GyrA亚基相互作用的关键区域,构建了不同的GyrB亚基突变体,分析GyrB各突变体与GyrA亚基的相互作用对全酶活性的影响。结果显示:GyrB亚基C端是其与GyrA相互作用的主要结构域,结合GyrB的二维结构,提出GyrB中第531~550位氨基酸是影响螺旋酶功能的关键区域,并可能是理想的新药设计靶标。     

RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivatives have transformed the use and analysis of proteins for diverse applications. Like proteins, RNA has complex roles in cellular function and is increasingly used for various applications, but a comparable approach for fluorescently tagging RNA is lacking. Here, we describe the generation of RNA aptamers that bind fluorophores resembling the fluorophore in GFP. These RNA-fluorophore complexes create a palette that spans the visible spectrum. An RNA-fluorophore complex, termed Spinach, resembles enhanced GFP and emits a green fluorescence comparable in brightness with fluorescent proteins. Spinach is markedly resistant to photobleaching, and Spinach fusion RNAs can be imaged in living cells. These RNA mimics of GFP provide an approach for genetic encoding of fluorescent RNAs.