Persistence of cadmium-induced metabolic changes in liver and kidney

Daily intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (1 milligram per kilogram) for 45 days enhanced gluconeogenesis as evidenced by significant increases in the activities of liver and kidney cortex pyruvate carboxylase, phosphopyruvate carboxylase, hexosediphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, the quartet of key, rate-limiting enzymes involved in the biotransformation of noncarbohydrate precursors into glucose. Whereas cadmium treatment decreased the level of hepatic glycogen, the concentration of blood glucose and urea was significantly elevated by this heavy metal. Discontinuation of the heavy metal treatment for 28 days, in rats previously injected with cadmium for 45 days, failed to restore the observed biochemical alterations in hepatic and renal carbohydrate metabolism to control values. Evidence indicates that cadmium augments the glucose-synthesizing capacity of liver and kidney cortex and that various metabolic changes persist even after a 4-week period of withdrawal from exposure to the heavy metal.     

脓毒血症致急性肾损伤及右美托咪定保护作用机制研究进展

脓毒血症可造成机体多器官、组织继发性损伤,其中肾脏是最易受其侵害脏器之一。脓毒血症致急性肾损伤(Septic acute kidney injury,SAKI)是病患预后不良、高死亡率主要原因,但SAKI发病机制、治疗药物作用靶位以及保护作用尚不明确。以往认为SAKI主要由肾脏血流动力学改变导致肾小管上皮细胞坏死造成,近年研究发现,血流动力学改变并非其最主要病理生理机制,还包括由内毒素介导的炎症反应、肾脏细胞凋亡、凝血功能异常致肾小球内栓塞以及坏死细胞造成肾小管阻塞等。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,DEX)对SAKI具一定保护作用,其保护机制尚无定论,多集中在抑制肾脏炎性因子产生,减轻氧化应激反应及细胞凋亡等方面。DEX具体分子作用机制和药效靶位尚不清楚,有待进一步研究。     

Feedback inhibition of key glycolytic enzymes in liver: action of free fatty acids

Increasing concentrations of sodium octanoate were progressively inhibitory to the activities of glucokinase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. Glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were also markedly inhibited. Other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase were not decreased. Among the key glycolytic enzymes, the inhibition of pyruvate kinase by the fatty acid was most marked. The biological significance of the inhibition of the key glycolytic enzymes is interpreted as a feedback inhibitory mechanism in regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. The mechanism may function for rapid adaptation by which the organism can use the fatty acid level as a metabolic directional switch in decreasing glycolysis and turning on gluconeogenesis.     

Network context and selection in the evolution to enzyme specificity

Enzymes are thought to have evolved highly specific catalytic activities from promiscuous ancestral proteins. By analyzing a genome-scale model of Escherichia coli metabolism, we found that 37% of its enzymes act on a variety of substrates and catalyze 65% of the known metabolic reactions. However, it is not apparent why these generalist enzymes remain. Here, we show that there are marked differences between generalist enzymes and specialist enzymes, known to catalyze a single chemical reaction on one particular substrate in vivo. Specialist enzymes (i) are frequently essential, (ii) maintain higher metabolic flux, and (iii) require more regulation of enzyme activity to control metabolic flux in dynamic environments than do generalist enzymes. Furthermore, these properties are conserved in Archaea and Eukarya. Thus, the metabolic network context and environmental conditions influence enzyme evolution toward high specificity.     

沙冬青种子总生物碱对小鼠急性毒性试验研究

用酸水法提取沙冬青种子总生物碱,采用小鼠口腔灌服的方法对该生物碱进行了急性毒性试验,利用改良寇氏法测定该生物碱的LD50.结果表明:沙冬青种子总生物碱对小鼠口服的LD50为588.71mg/kg,LD50的95%可信限为513.93～674.37mg/kg.剖检变化为心脏色泽暗淡,肝脏和肾脏肿大,其它脏器无眼观病变.组织学变化呈现心肌纤维肿胀,肌浆内出现大量红色细小颗粒,间质血管充血;肝细胞肿大,胞浆内出现大小不等、多少不一的空泡,部分肝细胞坏死崩解;脾小体萎缩,淋巴细胞减少;肺脏血管充血;肾小管上皮细胞肿胀变性,部分肾小管上皮细胞坏死崩解.沙冬青种子总生物碱为低毒化合物,小鼠在沙冬青种子总生物碱中毒后,心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏等主要器官都受到一定程度的损害,但对小鼠的持续影响较小.     

施氮水平对不同花生品种氮代谢及相关酶活性的影响

 【目的】花生籽仁蛋白质含量较高,研究花生不同器官中氮代谢酶活性在施氮水平和品种间的差异及其与籽仁蛋白质含量间的关系,阐述花生氮素代谢的生理特性。【方法】选用生产中普栽品种花育22号和白沙 1016,设置4个氮素水平,测定两品种不同生育期各器官中主要含氮物质(可溶性蛋白质(Pro)、游离氨基酸(AA))含量及主要氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶(NRase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH))活性。【结果】两品种各器官Pro、AA、NRase、GS、GDH活性的变化态势大致相同,但其含量的高低因品种和施氮量不同而变化,各器官中各指标含量均以白沙1016较高;适当提高氮素水平可增加各器官中可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量和主要氮代谢酶活性;氮素水平过高虽能提高硝酸还原酶和籽仁蛋白质含量,但谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性下降;各营养器官中可溶性蛋白质含量与GS和GDH活性间的相关关系不明显,但与其相应器官中的NRase活性表现显著或极显著相关,荚果中Pro与AA和NRase间、GS和GDH、NRase与游离氨基酸间均呈极显著的相关关系。【结论】施氮量和品种差异对花生各器官中游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量及氮代谢酶活性有影响,白沙1016对高量氮肥较敏感,花育22号则较适应高氮;增施氮肥通过改变氮素代谢的生理特性改善花生品质。     

人参皂苷Rb3对肝糖异生作用机理的研究

为了探讨人参皂苷Rb3在降低血糖方面的分子调控机制,利用HepG2细胞为研究材料,系统分析了人参皂苷Rb3对肝糖异生关键酶PEPCK、G6Pase和转录因子FOXO1、HNF4α的影响。结果表明,人参皂苷Rb3可以显著抑制HepG2细胞肝糖异生途径关键转录因子FOXO1、HNF4α蛋白表达,从而抑制PEPCK和G6Pase酶活性及糖异生作用,该作用能够被AMPK抑制剂Compound C部分阻断,推测人参皂苷Rb3抑制肝糖异生作用是通过激活AMPK信号通路实现。AMPK信号转导通路作为重要的糖脂代谢靶点,在糖尿病及相关代谢类疾病的调控中发挥着重要的作用,为探讨人参皂苷Rb3治疗糖尿病的作用机制提供了新的理论依据。     

赤霞珠葡萄休眠及萌发过程中的氮素代谢

 【目的】探索赤霞珠葡萄在自然休眠期间不同部位不同器官的氮素代谢规律。【方法】以杨凌地区酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠为试材,对其自然休眠及萌发过程中冬芽、韧皮部、木质部和根部中含氮化合物及氮素代谢相关酶活性的变化进行研究,测定氮化物、总氮含量、总蛋白含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、氮素代谢相关酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、蛋白酶活性等指标,并对葡萄各器官休眠期的蛋白质进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析。【结果】总氮、总蛋白和可溶性蛋白质在葡萄不同部位的含量高低为：冬芽＞根＞韧皮部＞木质部,冬芽中的总氮和总蛋白在萌芽时显著上升;可溶性蛋白质在葡萄不同部位的趋势为休眠期逐渐下降,萌发期渐渐上升。葡萄休眠过程中,不同器官的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性为冬芽＞根部＞韧皮部＞木质部,从休眠期到萌发期,各部位的硝酸还原酶活性均呈现下降趋势。在葡萄各器官中,冬芽的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性最高,在生理休眠期活性降到最低;冬芽中谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性变化的总趋势为上升,并出现了两个峰值。在休眠初期,蛋白酶的活性随休眠的加深而降低,随休眠的解除和萌发的进行而升高（除冬芽外）;在葡萄休眠期检测到大量蛋白质。【结论】在赤霞珠葡萄自然休眠和萌发过程中,冬芽、一年生枝韧皮部、木质部及根系中的含氮化合物含量、种类和酶活性在休眠前后发生变化。     

尼罗罗非鲫(Tilapia nilotia)仔鱼前期器官发育与分化的组织学观察

本文报道了尼罗罗非鲫发育到仔鱼前期器官发育与分化的研究结果。其中,消化管、肝脏、胰脏、胆囊、鳔、眼和鳃等的发育已达到最后阶段的造型,分化程度较高。胸腺、甲状腺、肾脏仍属器官原基,分化水平较低。口中孵化的方式对眼的分化有一定影响。直到仔鱼前期末,消化管和消化腺没有实质性变化。但胃,肠内出现许多大的卵黄颗粒。在这一阶段,性腺增大十分明显,且被毛细血管及血岛将组织分成许多小叶。性腺的迅速发育与卵黄快速吸收和利用可能有一定的对应关系。     

史氏鲟消化器官的分化对消化酶活性变化的影响

对1～10日龄(DPH)的史氏鲟仔鱼消化道发育进行了组织学观察和消化酶活性的测定.结果表明,史氏鲟仔鱼在内源营养期,消化酶活性变化的总趋势是随着消化道的逐步发育而逐渐增强,但随着不同消化组织器官的分化,各种酶活性变化有各自特点.另外,3种消化酶出现活性的先后顺序为蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶.     

多孢木霉HZ-31菌株侵染对野燕麦生理机制的影响

选用青海农田常见杂草野燕麦作为靶标杂草,盆栽接种后测定了多孢木霉HZ-31菌株对野燕麦体内各种生理指标的影响,分析了寄主与病原菌相互作用的生理变化机制。结果表明,多孢木霉HZ-31菌株侵染野燕麦后,对植株生理机制防御酶的影响是多方面的,PAL和POD活性增加,以抵御菌株侵染,其余生理防御指标包括MDA含量、CAT、PPO、SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量则受到菌株侵染的破坏,含量减少、活性降低。被抑制的防御酶作用效应大于被促进的防御酶。HZ-31菌株的侵染钝化或抑制了野燕麦体内主要酶类,中断相应的酶促反应,引起植物广泛的代谢变化,包括细胞膜透性改变、干扰光合作用、蛋白质合成、酚类物质代谢等生理方面的变化。     

美国鲥鱼内脏结节病的组织病理学观察

为了探究美国鲥鱼内脏结节病的病因病理和防控办法,本实验从患有内脏结节病的美国鲥鱼体内分离出肝、脾和肾等内脏器官组织,通过对病鱼样品H.E常规染色、马松染色和抗酸杆菌染色,并结合透射电镜对病变组织、细胞以及病原菌进行观察分析。病鱼的临床症状表现为体表多处损伤,鳞片下出血,腹部轻微膨大,肛门按压出血。病理解剖发现腹腔内含大量血液混合腹水,肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等器官有大量白色结节,肝脏表面呈深红色,多处破裂出血,肾脏表面附着大量白色纤维样病变,失去肾脏原有颜色和结构,其他器官未见结节,肠道出血。组织病理分析结果表明：显微结构所见肝、脾和肾器官组织病变是出现大量肉芽肿,且又大又多。肉芽肿中心由坏死的组织碎片和聚生菌体组成,外围有大量的炎性细胞浸润,包膜由纤维组织构成。肝脏组织内含有大量空泡为脂肪变性;肾组织内肾小管腔破裂分解,失去原有基本结构,肾间质出现大面积组织坏死和崩解,部分坏死组织呈现干酪样变性;脾组织间充斥大量的红细胞。其它内脏器官组织内未见肉芽肿。抗酸染色和透射电镜观察证实一种短杆菌感染形成肉芽肿。由此得出,肝、脾和肾组织由于病原菌感染形成大量肉芽肿继而导致脏器产生大量的结节,最终出现器官功能低下或衰竭导致鱼体死亡。     

湖南省“兔瘟”之研究——ⅩⅩⅣ.实验感染兔瘟兔的病理形态学动态观察

对实验感染兔瘟后不同病期病兔的肝、肾、肺和肾上腺的眼观、组织学和超显微结构变化的动态进行的观察发现,这些脏器甚至在潜伏期就有光镜和电镜下病理变化,随着病情的发展,病变愈益严重。     

MDH和G6PD同工酶在家鸡个体发育中的表现特征

采用不连续缓冲系统的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE法)结合组织特异性染色技术,对家鸡不同发育阶段和不同组织器官的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)同工酶进行了测定.结果表明,MDH同工酶在家鸡体内既有阶段发育特征,又有组织器官特异性表现,且s-MDH和m-MDH的分布和表达的量上有较大差别,表现在s-MDH在谱带多少、组织分布普遍程度和酶活性高低上都强于m-MDH.认为MDH同工酶在家鸡体内主要参与该组织器官的脂肪代谢.G6PD同工酶在家鸡未成年之前各发育阶段和各组织器官只呈现酶谱痕迹,成年之后仅在肝、心、肾、睾丸、胸肌中出现1～2条谱带,显示出分布的发育阶段和组织器官局限性.     

雏鸡人工感染鸡败血霉形体的研究

半月龄SPF雏鸡人工感染鸡败血霉形体KPF21株后，试验鸡呈现血清学反应阳性并伴有较明显的临床症状；病理组织学变化以气管、气囊和肺内上皮细胞发生变性、坏死、脱落及组织内淋巴细胞和单核细胞浸润为特征，此外，心、肝、脾、肾等实质器官也发生不同程度的损伤。由于呼吸器官的损伤，呼吸功能障碍，试验鸡表现出慢性呼吸道症状。     

牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)腐皮红腿症病理学观察

【目的】观察牛蛙腐皮红腿症的病理学改变。【方法】通过石蜡切片,H.E染色法,对发生腐皮红腿症的牛蛙自然病例进行病理形态学变化观察。【结果】剖检发现病蛙头、背部皮肤腐烂,露出肌肉,腹部及腿部皮肤出血发红;肝肿大,严重充出血,呈花瓣状;脾、肾出血肿大,颜色加深;胃肠道黏膜出血发红,内充满大量淡黄色黏液。镜检以全身多组织器官充出血、实质细胞变性、坏死及炎症细胞浸润为主要特征,以皮肤肌肉、肝、脾、肾和胃肠道的变化最为明显。胃肠道表现为严重的出血性、卡他性炎症,胃肠黏膜上皮严重坏死、脱落;肝细胞严重空泡变性,并出现大面积坏死,肝间质充满大量炎症细胞;脾脏淋巴细胞、网状内皮细胞严重坏死;肾间质充血,肾小管上皮细胞广泛坏死,肾小球毛细血管严重充血。【结论】头背部体表皮肤溃烂,腹部及四肢出血,肝、脾、肾、胃肠道等多器官组织炎性病变是本病的示病症状。机体多器官组织严重病变是引起病蛙死亡的主要因素。     

Effects of Sub-chronic Aluminum Exposure on Renal Pathologic Structure in Rats

A total of 40 Wistar rats, weighing 130-140 g, were allocated randomly into four groups. They were orally administrated with 0 (control group, GC), 64.18 (low-dose group, GL), 128.36 (middle-dose group, GM), and 256.72 (high-dose group, GH) mg aluminum chloride (AlCl3) per kilogram body weight in drinking water for 120 days. Kidney coefficient and aluminum (Al) concentrations in blood and kidney were determined, and renal autopsy and histological changes were observed. The results showed that kidney coefficient in all Al-treated groups were obviously lower than that in GC (P<0.01) and there was a dose-effect relationship. The kidneys were solid, lusterless and pale brown with white necrosis point on surface. Under electron microscope, renal cortex became thin, the renal tubule was narrowed and the epithelium dissolved; the renal glomerulus became atrophied and the glomerular became vasodilator. The Al concentrations in blood and kidney were higher in all Al-treated rats than those in GC (P<0.01), and there was a dose-effect relationship. The results indicated that sub-chronic Al exposure could lead to Al accumulation in kidney, restrain the development of kidney and cause the pathologic damage in rats.     

Biologically active chorionic gonadotropin: synthesis by the human fetus

The kidney, and to a slight extent the liver, of human fetuses were found to synthesize and secrete the alpha subunit common to glycoprotein hormones. Fetal lung and muscle did not synthesize this protein. Since fetal kidney and liver were previously found to synthesize beta chorionic gonadotropin, their ability to synthesize bioactive chorionic gonadotropin was also determined. The newly synthesized hormone bound to mouse Leydig cells and elicited a biological response: namely, the synthesis of testosterone. These results suggest that the human fetus may participate in metabolic homeostasis during its development.     

高山被孢霉挥发性次生代谢产物分析

[目的]研究花生四烯酸生产菌高山被孢霉挥发性次生代谢产物成分,并探讨其代谢途径的变化。[方法]采用固相微萃取提取高山被孢霉对数生长后期发酵液上方空气并进行GC-MS分析。[结果]一共分析得到13种化合物,其中,12种均为C15H24的倍半萜化合物,浓度占总组分的99.62%。含量最高的3个化倍半萜合物Thujopsene-(12)(斧柏烯)、α-Guaiene(愈创木烯)和Aristolene(土青木香烯)分别占到总含量的10.66%、33.69%和34.85%。通过次级代谢产物的检测能够较充分证明高山被孢霉中存在倍半萜的代谢途径。[结论]原始菌株经过诱变致使异戊二烯或倍半萜分支途径中一个或几个关键酶的基因发生突变而使其编码的酶活性增强,从而导致此条代谢途径的通量增加而有利于倍半萜化合物的大量积累。