乙烯介导的防卫信号途径研究进展

乙烯是植物体内主要的防御信号途径之一。从乙烯的合成、乙烯与其相关物质在植物信号传导途径、植物体防御体系及乙烯在植物体中的防卫作用方面对乙烯介导的防卫信号途径的研究进展进行了阐述,并对乙烯介导的防卫信号途径研究进行了展望。     

Ethylene modulates stem cell division in the Arabidopsis thaliana root

The construction of multicellular organisms depends on stem cells-cells that can both regenerate and produce daughter cells that undergo differentiation. Here, we show that the gaseous messenger ethylene modulates cell division in the cells of the quiescent center, which act as a source of stem cells in the seedling root. The cells formed through these ethylene-induced divisions express quiescent center-specific genes and can repress differentiation of surrounding initial cells, showing that quiescence is not required for these cells to signal to adjacent stem cells. We propose that ethylene is part of a signaling pathway that modulates cell division in the quiescent center in the stem cell niche during the postembryonic development of the root system.     

A Legume Ethylene-Insensitive Mutant Hyperinfected by Its Rhizobial Symbiont

Development of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is controlled by the host plant, although the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. A mutant in the annual legume Medicago truncatula exhibits an increase of more than an order of magnitude in the number of persistent rhizobial infections. Physiological and genetic analyses indicate that this same mutation confers insensitivity to the plant hormone ethylene for multiple aspects of plant development, including nodulation. These data support the hypothesis that ethylene is a component of the signaling pathway controlling rhizobial infection of legumes.     

外源乙烯与脱落酸对牡丹切花衰老进程的影响

通过对胡红牡丹切花施加外源乙烯、脱落酸(ABA)及相应抑制剂,研究了乙烯、ABA与牡丹切花衰老的关系,探讨了乙烯、ABA对切花衰老的调控机理。结果表明,100 mg/L外源乙烯、1 mmol/L ABA均可以明显加速牡丹切花的衰老进程1,mmol/L STS作为乙烯信号转导途径抑制剂可明显延缓切花衰老进程,磷脂酶D(PLD)特异性抑制剂——1-丁醇(1%)可延缓牡丹切花的衰老进程,PLD途径在ABA诱导衰老的信号转导中起重要作用。研究表明,乙烯和ABA信号途径是调控牡丹切花衰老进程中两个重要支路,可共同调控牡丹切花衰老进程,为进一步阐明牡丹花衰老调控机制,克隆牡丹衰老控制基因,培育出长花期牡丹品种奠定了基础;同时为牡丹切花保鲜制剂研究提供了理论依据。     

大豆疫霉效应因子PsCRN115诱导烟草抗性的机制分析

CRN(crinkling and necrosis induced protein)蛋白是卵菌所特有的一类效应因子,在已经测序的疫霉种中,每个基因组中预测都含有上百个CRN基因,关于其功能和分子机制目前研究不多。前期研究发现,大豆疫霉效应因子PsCRN115是大豆疫霉的致病性必需因子且能抑制植物的细胞死亡。为了进一步研究PsCRN115的功能,本研究采用农杆菌渗入法介导的基因瞬时转化技术在烟草上过表达该基因,发现PsCRN115可显著提高烟草对烟草疫霉的抗性。随后采用荧光定量PCR研究了其作用机制,发现PsCRN115可诱导水杨酸(SA)通路防卫反应基因的高表达,但对乙烯(ET)和茉莉酸(JA)通路防卫反应基因的表达影响不显著。表明:大豆疫霉效应因子PsCRN115是致病必需的因子,能被植物所识别,并诱导植物的防卫反应。     

PI3Kgamma is a key regulator of inflammatory responses and cardiovascular homeostasis

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate several important cellular functions, including cellular growth, division, survival, and movement. Class IB PI3K (also known as PI3Kgamma) links heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors to these pathways. Activation of class IB PI3K results in the rapid synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and its dephosphorylation product PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the plasma membrane. These two lipid messengers bind to pleckstrin homology domain-containing effectors that regulate a complex signaling web downstream of receptor activation. Characteristic features of this pathway are the regulation of protein kinases and the regulation of small guanosine triphosphatases that control cellular movement, adhesion, contraction, and secretion. Most of the ligands that activate class IB PI3K are involved in coordinating the body's response to injury and infection, and recent studies suggest that small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme may represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.     

苏博美利奴羊毛囊发育相关lncRNA与mRNA共表达网络的构建

【目的】 随着高通量测序技术的发展和完善,海量的转录组测序数据随之涌现,基因网络的方法也越来越多被用于研究中;细毛羊毛囊发育受多个基因及lncRNA共同调控,单独研究某一分子并不足以发现其调控机制,本研究旨在构建毛囊发育相关lncRNA和mRNA的共表达网络,挖掘细毛羊毛囊发育的潜在候选基因。【方法】 以苏博美利奴羊胎龄65 d（D65）、85 d（D85）、105 d（D105）、135 d（D135）的胎儿以及出生后7 d（A7）、30 d（A30）的羔羊肩胛部皮肤组织,每个时期有3个生物学重复,共18个样本,进行转录组测序以获得6个不同发育时期的lncRNA与mRNA表达谱数据,筛选出相邻时期的差异表达lncRNA与mRNA,运用加权基因共表达网络分析（weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA）方法构建共表达模块,使用DAVID在线工具进行GO（gene ontology）和 KEGG pathway富集分析以找到与毛囊发育相关的模块,最后从目标模块筛选高连通度的lncRNA与mRNA使用Cytoscape软件进行网络可视化。【结果】 从表达谱数据中筛选得到9 070个差异表达的lncRNA与mRNA,运用WGCNA方法得到11个模块,使用DAVID富集分析发现honeydew1、paleturquoise、skyblue2模块中的基因富集在皮肤发育、毛囊发育、毛囊形态发生、Wnt信号通路负调控、细胞粘附等生物过程,以及Wnt信号通路、TGF-β信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路、紧密连接、MAPK信号通路、ECM-受体相互作用等毛囊发育相关的信号通路,并筛选这3个模块中连通度高的lncRNA和mRNA构建了子网络,得到包括TGFB2、CTSB、SFN、SPINT1、FAM83G、GSDMA、MPZL3、VIM、CRABP1在内的毛囊发育相关基因,预测出ENSOART00000029117、TCONS_00489976、TCONS_00376759等24个lncRNA的可能靶基因。【结论】 首次运用WGCNA方法构建了苏博美利奴羊毛囊发育相关lncRNA与mRNA的共表达网络,鉴别出3个毛囊发育相关的共表达模块,发现多个与毛囊发育相关的潜在候选基因,并预测出24个lncRNA可能的靶基因。     

Phosphorylation and regulation of Raf by Akt (protein kinase B)

Activation of the protein kinase Raf can lead to opposing cellular responses such as proliferation, growth arrest, apoptosis, or differentiation. Akt (protein kinase B), a member of a different signaling pathway that also regulates these responses, interacted with Raf and phosphorylated this protein at a highly conserved serine residue in its regulatory domain in vivo. This phosphorylation of Raf by Akt inhibited activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and shifted the cellular response in a human breast cancer cell line from cell cycle arrest to proliferation. These observations provide a molecular basis for cross talk between two signaling pathways at the level of Raf and Akt.     

ABA、MeJA和SA诱导下的荠菜CBF途径冷响应相关基因表达调控研究

植物在长期进化过程中对低温形成了一系列的适应能力和抵抗能力;CBF(CRT binding factor)途径是植物冷响应机制中重要的组成部分,该途径中一系列相关基因的级联调控网络与许多植物信号分子关系密切。为了阐明植物信号分子对荠菜CBF途径的调控模式,选用十字花科植物荠菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris）为材料,采用RT-PCR方法,研究了常温条件下三种信号分子（ABA、MeJA、SA）对荠菜CBF途径抗冷相关基因CbICE53、CbCBF、CbCOR15a、CbCOR15b、CbCAX51、CbRCI35的表达调控作用,结果显示各种基因在三种信号分子的诱导下其表达谱呈现不同的特点,这一结果对进一步阐明植物信号分子在CBF途径调控网络中的作用具有重要意义。     

卵形鲳鲹卵巢不同发育时期的转录组测序分析

【目的】鉴定筛选出与卵形鲳鲹卵巢发育相关的候选基因及信号通路,为揭示其卵巢性成熟过程的分子机制打下基础。【方法】挑选卵巢发育处于?期和Ш期的雌性卵形鲳鲹,分别构建卵形鲳鲹卵巢?期和Ш期的cDNA文库,采用Illumina HiSeqTM 2500进行转录组测序,经过滤、质量控制及拼接组装后获得的Unigenes在七大数据库（Nr、Nt、Pfam、KOG/COG、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和GO）中进行比对;通过FPKM及DEGseq筛选出差异表达基因,以GOseq和KOBAS对差异表达基因分别进行功能注释及信号通路富集分析,并采用MISA和GATK3进行SSR鉴定及SNP分析。【结果】卵形鲳鲹卵巢组织转录组测序获得的325156432条Raw reads,经过滤筛选得到317206752条Clean reads,拼接组装后得到59554条Unigenes;69.65%的Unigenes在Nr、Nt、Pfam、KOG/COG、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和GO等七大数据库中注释成功,其中有24599条Unigenes被注释到GO数据库,15997条Unigenes被注释到KEGG数据库。在卵形鲳鲹卵巢组织的2个发育时期共鉴定获得56115个基因,经差异表达分析后获得17737个差异基因,其中8169个基因在卵巢Ш期上调表达、9568个基因在卵巢Ш期下调表达。GO功能注释分析发现,卵形鲳鲹卵巢差异表达基因主要注释在细胞过程、氮化合物代谢过程、初级代谢过程、核、核部分、离子结合及水解酶活性等条目上;而KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,17737个差异表达基因显著富集在318条代谢途径上,其中前20条KEGG信号通路包括2-氧代羧酸代谢、PI3K-Akt信号通路、甲状腺激素信号通路、磷脂酶D信号通路、Fc εRI信号通路和细胞周期等。卵形鲳鲹卵巢转录组（59554条Unigenes）中共存在30133个SSRs和82490个SNPs。【结论】GnRHR、FSHR、FSHβ、CYP11A、SIRT3和PEG3等差异表达基因及PI3K-Akt信号通路和VEGF信号通路等与卵形鲳鲹卵巢的发育密切相关,共同调节卵巢的发育与成熟,在卵巢性成熟过程中发挥重要作用。     

一氧化氮(NO)在植物抗病防卫反应中的功能

一氧化氮(NO)是一种高度活性分子,能通过细胞膜快速扩散,在植物中NO可通过酶促途径和非酶促途径产生。已在多种受病原物诱导的植物中检测到NO的产生。研究发现在植物-病原物互作中NO在过敏性(HR)细胞死亡和系统获得抗性(SAR)的建立中起非常重要的信号调节作用。     

金针菇JA/SA信号通路基因鉴定及其对外源JA/SA应答

本研究鉴定了金针菇茉莉酸(JA)信号通路的4个关键基因:COI1、PDF1.2、MYC2-1、MYC2-2与水杨酸(SA)信号通路的4个关键基因:PR1-1、PR1-2、NPR1-1、NPR1-2。NBT染色法和荧光定量结果表明,金针菇JA/SA信号通路可应答外源JA/SA,50μmol·L~(-1)外源JA和500μmol·L~(-1)外源SA处理金针菇菌丝12h可显著提高JA/SA信号通路基因的转录水平,基因PDF1.2响应JA诱导最明显,可作为JA信号通路标记基因;JA/SA信号转导途径间存在协同或拮抗作用:SA信号转导通路中NPR1蛋白对JA信号转导通路中PDF1.2基因表达有抑制作用,外源JA/SA的相对浓度决定其作用的强弱。     

Regulation of C. elegans life-span by insulinlike signaling in the nervous system

An insulinlike signaling pathway controls Caenorhabditis elegans aging, metabolism, and development. Mutations in the daf-2 insulin receptor-like gene or the downstream age-1 phosphoinositide 3-kinase gene extend adult life-span by two- to threefold. To identify tissues where this pathway regulates aging and metabolism, we restored daf-2 pathway signaling to only neurons, muscle, or intestine. Insulinlike signaling in neurons alone was sufficient to specify wild-type life-span, but muscle or intestinal signaling was not. However, restoring daf-2 pathway signaling to muscle rescued metabolic defects, thus decoupling regulation of life-span and metabolism. These findings point to the nervous system as a central regulator of animal longevity.     

Rewiring MAP kinase pathways using alternative scaffold assembly mechanisms

How scaffold proteins control information flow in signaling pathways is poorly understood: Do they simply tether components, or do they precisely orient and activate them? We found that the yeast mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase scaffold Ste5 is tolerant to major stereochemical perturbations; heterologous protein interactions could functionally replace native kinase recruitment interactions, indicating that simple tethering is largely sufficient for scaffold-mediated signaling. Moreover, by engineering a scaffold that tethers a unique kinase set, we could create a synthetic MAP kinase pathway with non-natural input-output properties. These findings demonstrate that scaffolds are highly flexible organizing factors that can facilitate pathway evolution and engineering.     

Functional genomic analysis of the Wnt-wingless signaling pathway

The Wnt-Wingless (Wg) pathway is one of a core set of evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that regulates many aspects of metazoan development. Aberrant Wnt signaling has been linked to human disease. In the present study, we used a genomewide RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Drosophila cells to screen for regulators of the Wnt pathway. We identified 238 potential regulators, which include known pathway components, genes with functions not previously linked to this pathway, and genes with no previously assigned functions. Reciprocal-Best-Blast analyses reveal that 50% of the genes identified in the screen have human orthologs, of which approximately 18% are associated with human disease. Functional assays of selected genes from the cell-based screen in Drosophila, mammalian cells, and zebrafish embryos demonstrated that these genes have evolutionarily conserved functions in Wnt signaling. High-throughput RNAi screens in cultured cells, followed by functional analyses in model organisms, prove to be a rapid means of identifying regulators of signaling pathways implicated in development and disease.     

油菜素内酯调控植物根系发育机制研究进展

油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)是20世纪后期发现的一类新型植物激素,参与调控植物生长发育的诸多方面,其中对植物根系发育过程具有重要的调控作用.油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BL)是最先确定结构的高活性BR.首先介绍了BR的发现、BR调控根系生长信号通路的进展,进一步阐述了BR通路转录因子...     

乙烯代谢途径中基因表达与器官脱落研究进展

器官脱落是一种由各种因素共同调节的复杂生理过程,多种激素对其都有影响,其中乙烯对脱落的影响最大.乙烯含量的上升和器官脱落正相关,但乙烯含量的上升和器官脱落之间并非相邻的两个步骤.器官脱落首先须使植物体本身乙烯合成量增加,之后通过乙烯受体基因和乙烯进行结合,再通过乙烯信号传递体把乙烯上升信号传递下去,从而引起离区细胞壁水解酶活性增强和基因表达量上升,进而导致离区细胞壁发生破碎,最终导致器官脱落.综述了乙烯代谢途径中的乙烯合成、膜上乙烯受体、乙烯膜内信号传递体与器官脱落的研究进展.