Development of Double Antibody Sandwich ELISA for Detection of Duck or Goose Flavivirus

In order to establish double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （DAS-ELISA） for detection of duck or goose flavivirus, polyclonal antibody against the flavivirus strain JS804 in geese and monoclonal antibody against the E protein of flavivirus strain JS804 in geese were used as the capture antibody and detection antibody, respectively. The optimal dilution of the capture antibody and detecting antibody capable of detecting the flavivirus strain JS804 in geese were 1:3 200 and 1:160 in the check-board titration, respectively. The reaction time of sample was 1 h, and the optimal working dilution of HRP-labeled goat-anti-mouse IgG was 1:10 000. The positive standard value was 0.247 (OD_450nm). The geese flavivirus could be detected at a minimal concentration of 1.875 μg mL-1. The ELISA had no cross-reaction with Newcastle disease virus （NDV）, Avian influenza virus （AIV）, Infectious bronchitis virus （IBV）, Infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV）, Duck hepatitis virus （DHV）, and Gosling plague virus （GPV）. Twenty clinical samples were detected by the DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR respectively, with the agreement rate of 75%. The results revealed that the DAS-ELISA possessed favorable specificity and higher sensitivity, indicating a suitable method for rapid detection of the duck or goose flavivirus.     

Development and Validation of a Recombinant Envelop Glycoprotein Based Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect the Antibody to REV

Based on the antigenic analysis of Reticuloendotheliosis virus （REV） envelop glycoprotein （env） protein, an alternative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） for detection of REV antibody was developed using a truncated env protein of REV produced in Escherichia coli. This assay was validated by comparison with an indirect immunofluorescence assay （IFA） and a REV-based ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity （DSN）, specificity （DSP） and accuracy of the env indirect-ELISA （ienv-ELISA） were 93.7, 93.3 and 93.6% compared with IFA on 1 380 field serum samples, and 84.8, 95.2 and 91.7% compared with the REV-based ELISA on 96 field sera, respectively. Cross-reactivity assay showed that this assay was REV-specific. Repeatability test revealed that the coefficients of variation of positive sera within and between runs were less than 15%. This method is simpler to produce and perform, time-saving and suitable for large scale survey of REV antibody at low cost.     

Development of a Synthetic Peptide ELISA Assay for the Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibodies

In order to develop an ELISA assay with synthetic peptides for the detection of antibody to the nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus, specific peptides were synthesized by a solid-phase method according to FMDV NSPs B-cell epitopes, and were conjugated to carrier protein BSA. An ELISA system was developed to detect FMDV NSPs antibody with the conjugated proteins as the coating antigen. The optimal coating concentration of the antigen was determined as 2.5 μg mL-1. The comparative study of this assay with UBI NSP ELISA kit and national commercial 3ABC ELISA kit in the detection of 199 serum samples showed that they were very coincident, and the identity rates were 96.48 and 97.48%, respectively. The development of ELISA using the synthetic peptides as coating antigen is specific, reproducible, stable, and easy, and can be used to differentiate FMDV infected pigs from immunized pigs.     

利用Asia 1型口蹄疫病毒VP1蛋白的单克隆抗体建立单抗竞争ELISA方法(英文)

Using the purified VP1 protein of Asia 1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus as the antigen, the purified monoclonal antibody was labeled by the sodium periodate method and the monoclonal antibody competitive ELISA was established in this study. Ten positive porcine foot-and-mouth disease serums and more than two hundreds negative serum were tested, and the results were the same as the background of samples. The sensitivity test and replicate test indicated that this method was stable and sensitive, which was suitable for monitoring Asia 1 type porcine foot-and-mouth disease virus antibody.     

Detection of Herbicide-tolerant Canola by Multiplex PCR

[Objective]This study aimed to establish a multiplex PCR detection method of herbicide-tolerant canola.[Method] An endogenous reference gene(CruA) and three exogenous genes(T-CaMV 35 S, P-CaMV 35 S and pat) were selected for multiplex PCR. Specific primers were designed based on national standards or related literature. The annealing temperature, ratio of primer concentration and sensitivity of the established multiplex PCR system were optimized. The optimal multiplex PCR system was verified with known samples. [Result] The experimental results showed that the optimal annealing temperature of multiplex PCR was 58 ℃; the optimal ratio of primer concentration(μmol/L) was T-CaMV 35S: CruA: P-CaMV 35S: pat=0.1: 0.2: 0.2: 0.2;the detection sensitivity of the established multiplex PCR method was 0.3 ng. The amplified bands of known samples were completely consistent with the molecular characteristics. [Conclusion] This study provided a rapid, accurate and effective multiplex PCR technique for detection of herbicide-tolerant canola.     

藏系绵羊MSTN基因在不同年龄不同组织的表达定量研究

Dermatophyte infection or ringworm is a superficial cutaneous infection with one or more of the fungal species of the keratinophilic genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, or Epidermophyton and is a zoonosis with a great impact on public health. Dermatophytes were identified from rabbit sample cultures submitted to mycological examination in the Laboratory of Microbiology of the University of Tr~-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. All samples were collected from suspected clinical cases. Dermatophytes were cultured from 4 of the 55 specimens （7.3%）. The dermatophytes isolated were Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes （1.8%） and Microsporum gypseum （5.5%）. Microscopic examination was negative in all specimens. In this work, Scopulariopsis spp., a contaminant mould, was identified in 13 specimens （23.6%）. The proportion of positive samples in relation to the number of samples examined from cases suspected was very low. As all samples were collected from rabbits with compatible signs, we presume that the low prevalence of isolation was due to laboratory constraints on dermatophytes diagnosis.     

A Novel and Reliable Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Lactoperoxidase Activity in Raw Milk

With 3, 3'5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) as the detection substrate, a reliable and highly selective method was established and optimized for the determination of Lactoperoxidase(LP) activity in raw milk. The method was based on the enzymatic reaction principle, where hydrogen peroxide oxidated TMB in the presence of LP. The optimized conditions of this assay system were obtained, consisting of 20 mmol · L~(-1) TMB solution, 0.6 mmol · L~(-1) hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 mol · L~(-1) Citric Acid(CA)/0.2 mol · L~(-1) disodium hydrogen phosphate(Na P) buffer(pH 4.8). TMB detection method was applied to the analysis of LP in milk samples with a practical working concentration range from 2 to 14 mg · L~(-1). The intra-and inter-batch variation coefficients were all below 5%, indicating a good repeatability. Confirmation test between TMB method and 2, 2-azinobi(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) diammonium salt(ABTS) method was carried out, and the results of TMB assay were in accordance with that of ABTS method.     

PCR-based Assay for the Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae Causing Bacterial Black Spot in Mango

[Objective] This study aimed to develop a PCR assay for detecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae(Xcm) in culture and in planta. [Method] Primers(Xcm HF and Xcm HR) were designed based on the partial sequence of hrp B gene from xanthomonads to develop a PCR assay for Xcm. Furthermore, specificity and sensitivity of the primer pairs were analyzed in detection of genomic DNA and cell from Xcm. [Result] Amplication was positive only with genomic DNA from positive control ATCC11637 and 12 Xcm strains; no PCR products were amplified with genomic DNA from ten other xanthomonads and seven other bacterial species. The sensitivity of detection was 2.4 pg/μl genomic DNA, and 1.8 × 104CFU/ml cells. The primers also worked well for pathogen detection in direct PCR assays of Xcm colonies grown on liquid medium and in PCR assays of total DNA from leaf, branch and fruit lesions. [Conclusion] A PCR assay was successfully established for rapid detection of Xcm in culture and in planta.     

Localization of Avian Influenza Virus in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Chicken Tissues by In Situ Hybridization

In this study, in situ hybridization （ISH） was developed to detect avian influenza＇virus （AIV） in Madin-Darby canine kidney （MDCK） cells and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded chicken tissues. A cDNA probe corresponding to a region of AIV nucleoprotein （NP） gene was synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin. Probe specificity was determined by AIV infected MDCK cells in vitro and the results showed that strong cytoplasmic staining was only detected in AIV-infected cells. Various tissues were collected from 12 h to 35 days post-infection （PI） following inoculation with the H9N2 subtype A1V. AIV was localized in the epithelial cells of the duodenum and cartilage of the throat and trachea at 12 h PI. Tissues from uninfected chickens were negative. The finding of this study indicated ISH was a sensitive and specific technique to detect and localize AIV as well as to study AIV pathogenesis.     

抗犬瘟热病毒荧光标记单抗的制备和初步鉴定

1材料与方法 1．1材料 1．1．1病毒与细胞。犬瘟热病毒（CDV）、狂犬病毒（RV）、犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬副流感病毒（CPIV）、犬腺病毒（CAV）,非洲绿猴肾细胞（Vero）、犬肾细胞（MDCK）、猫肾细胞（F81）,犬瘟热病毒单克隆抗体CE3由军事医学科学院军事兽医研究所犬病研究中心提供。     

抗犬瘟热病毒荧光标记单抗的制备和初步鉴定

[目的]建立利用单克隆抗体检测犬瘟热病毒的直接免疫荧光诊断方法。[方法]通过搅拌法,用异硫氰酸荧光素标记G蛋白纯化的抗犬瘟热病毒单抗CE3,对荧光抗体进行纯化、鉴定,并确定其最适工作浓度。对61份临床可疑犬瘟热病料进行直接免疫荧光检测。[结果]吸收试验、阻断试验和特异性试验结果显示,标记抗体具有高度的敏感性和特异性,与犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬副流感病毒（CPIV）、犬腺病毒（CAV）、狂犬病毒（RV）无交叉反应,其最优化工作浓度为1：80。对临床可疑犬瘟热病料的阳性检出率是48％。[结论]该研究建立的直接免疫荧光方法具有快速、特异和简便的优点,对犬瘟热疾病的早期诊断具有重要意义。     

犬瘟热病毒株的分离鉴定及遗传变异分析

[目的]分离鉴定吉林地区一株犬瘟热病毒,为犬瘟热的防治提供依据。[方法]应用Vero细胞从疑是患犬瘟热藏獒脏器组织中分离病毒,并进行分子病毒学鉴定,进一步对该犬瘟热病毒株的血凝素蛋白（H）基因序列进行分析。[结果]确定该犬瘟热分离株为A-sia-Ⅰ型犬瘟热,命名为ZA10-JL。[结论]对进一步研究犬瘟热,预防以及流行病学调查都有重要的参考作用。     

表达犬瘟热H基因重组伪狂犬病毒的构建及生物学特性研究

[目的]构建表达犬瘟热Onderstepoort株H蛋白的重组伪狂犬病毒,并研究其生物学特性。[方法]通过RT-PCR方法获得On-derstepoort株H基因,插入pcDNA3.1（＋）建立好完整的真核细胞表达盒并将此表达盒亚克隆到转移载体p8AA上。在此基础上再将报告基因LacZ的表达盒插入转移载体,命名为p8AAZH。将p8AAZH与伪狂犬病毒（PRV）Bartha-K61株基因组共转染至BHK-21细胞中进行基因重组包装出毒,待细胞病变后收集病毒液。通过蓝色蚀斑筛选、PCR、电镜观察以及Western blot,筛选纯化重组病毒并鉴定目的基因的表达。同时在BHK-21细胞上测定重组病毒的生长曲线。[结果]获得了表达H蛋白的重组伪狂犬病毒,重组病毒与亲本Bartha-K61株的生长曲线、病变特征相一致。[结论]成功构建了表达犬瘟热Onderstepoort株H蛋白的重组伪狂犬病毒,H基因的插入不影响重组病毒的增殖特性,为犬瘟热活病毒载体疫苗的研制与开发打下了基础。     

犬瘟热病毒的分离与鉴定

[目的]分离与鉴定犬瘟热病毒(CDV)的石河子流行株。[方法]对临床症状疑似犬瘟热和血清学(ELISA)检测为阳性的自然发病犬,取其淋巴结为病料,接种于非洲绿猴肾细胞系(Vero),进行病毒的分离;用RT-PCR检测感染CDV分离株特异性核酸。[结果]病料接种Vero细胞产生明显的细胞病变(CPE),用RT-PCR技术可扩增出CDV特异性核酸,扩增出的基因片段与预期设计的长度相同,所扩增的CDV分离株H基因片段与CDV C54标准强毒株核苷酸同源性为98.4%。[结论]该研究成功分离并鉴定了CDV石河子流行株,为犬瘟热(CD)的确诊提供了依据。     

表达犬瘟热H基因重组伪狂犬病毒的构建及生物学特性研究

[目的]构建表达犬瘟热Onderstepoort株H蛋白的重组伪狂犬病毒,并研究其生物学特性。[方法]通过RT-PCR方法获得Onderstepoort株H基因,插入pcDNA3.1（＋）建立好完整的真核细胞表达盒并将此表达盒亚克隆到转移载体p8AA上。在此基础上再将报告基因LacZ的表达盒插入转移载体,命名为p8AAZH。将p8AAZH与伪狂犬病毒（PRV）Bartha-K61株基因组共转染至BHK-21细胞中进行基因重组包装出毒,待细胞病变后收集病毒液。通过蓝色蚀斑筛选、PCR、电镜观察以及Westernblot,筛选纯化重组病毒并鉴定目的基因的表达。同时在BHK-21细胞上测定重组病毒的生长曲线。[结果]获得了表达H蛋白的重组伪狂犬病毒,重组病毒与亲本Bartha-K61株的生长曲线、病变特征相一致。[结论]成功构建了表达犬瘟热Onderstepoort株H蛋白的重组伪狂犬病毒,H基因的插入不影响重组病毒的增殖特性,为犬瘟热活病毒载体疫苗的研制与开发打下基础。     

抗犬瘟热病毒单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立

[目的]筛选出稳定分泌抗犬瘟热病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。[方法]用纯化的犬瘟热病毒(CDV)抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,经间接ELISA和有限稀释法克隆杂交瘤细胞。研究了杂交瘤细胞的稳定性和染色体数,测定了单克隆抗体的效价并鉴定其特异性和亚型。[结果]经反复筛选和亚克隆后,共获得3株能稳定分泌抗CDV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。3株单抗对CDV均有较高的特异性,与犬传染性肝炎病毒、犬细小病毒均不反应。3株杂交瘤细胞的腹水效价为1∶(8 000~128 000),细胞培养上清效价为1∶(256~512),染色体数为80~100。3株单克隆抗体重链均属于IgG1,轻链均属于κ链。[结论]该研究为研制CDV快速检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

混合培养基用于提高犬瘟热病毒在细胞上的效价研究

[目的]探讨高滴度制备犬瘟热病毒（CDV）的方法,对于提高该疫苗的保护率具有重要意义。[方法]选用FK81细胞,分别应用MEM和混合培养基（MEM和DMEM按9∶1的混合物）进行细胞培养和CDV接种,然后对2种培养基下的总细胞数、CDV的半数细胞感染量（TCID50）及电镜下病毒粒子的形态等进行了比较。[结果]混合培养基在总细胞数、TCID50及病毒粒子的形态方面均优于MEM培养基。同时还发现,在测定CDV的TCID50时,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法较细胞病变（CPE）法更灵敏。[结论]试验所建立的CDV增殖方法,可望用于犬瘟热疫苗的生产实践。     

菏泽市犬瘟热发病调查

为了解菏泽市区犬瘟热的发病情况,试验利用临床检测和实验室检测相结合的方法,对菏泽市5家宠物医院的1 012个犬瘟热病例进行了调查。结果表明:菏泽市犬瘟热的阳性检测率达22.90%,犬瘟热的发病率受犬的年龄、免疫接种情况及季节影响,发病年龄主要在3~12月龄的幼犬,发病月份主要集中在4月份和10月份,未免疫接种犬的感染率和死亡率均较高。     

稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞激活因子基因细胞株的建立与鉴定

[目的]构建稳定表达犬瘟热病毒细胞受体———犬信号淋巴细胞激活因子(SLAM)的非洲绿猴肾细胞株(Vero)。[方法]采用RT-PCR方法从犬外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出SLAM基因,将其克隆到哺乳动物真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1/SLAM。采用脂质体将pcDNA3.1/SLAM转染到Vero细胞中,利用G418加压筛选和纯化培养获得稳定表达SLAM的重组Vero细胞株。应用RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光试验检测SLAM的表达。[结果]重组蛋白SLAM在Vero细胞中获得表达,并且在不同代次的阳性细胞株中均能稳定表达目的蛋白。[结论]该研究建立了稳定表达犬SLAM的细胞株Vero/SLAM,为犬瘟热病毒的分离和生物学特性研究提供了平台。