不同干旱胁迫对花生生长发育及产量的影响

目的 在新疆特殊生态条件下,分析花生在不同干旱胁迫下的生长发育规律,研究花生不同生育时期对干旱胁迫的敏感性,为新疆花生生产合理灌溉和产量提高提供依据。方法 以花生品种花育36为材料,通过人工控水对其进行干旱胁迫,设置花针期干旱、结荚期干旱和全生育期干旱三个处理,以正常灌水为对照,研究不同生育时期各处理的相关农艺性状及最终产量的变化。结果 干旱胁迫会影响到花生的各生育期进程,长期受旱会缩短花生的生育期时间;各生育时期遭受干旱胁迫后,花生在株高、叶面积系数、地上部干物质积累和荚果干重均有不同程度的降低,且随干旱时间的延长,降低幅度增大。结荚期干旱胁迫对花生株高的影响相对较小,花针期干旱对植株生长发育及产量的影响较大。干旱胁迫对最终产量的影响不但与有效果数的降低有关,而且与荚果的饱满度(百果重)有关,两者共同作用造成了花生产量的降低。结论 不同程度干旱胁迫会对花生的生育期进程、株高、叶面积系数、地上部干物质积累和荚果干重等造成不同影响,花针期干旱对花生生长发育及收获产量的影响相对较大,该生育时期花生对土壤缺水比较敏感,易限制产量的形成。     

不同生育时期干旱胁迫对花生抗旱指标值及产量的影响

在防雨棚池栽条件下,通过人工控水的方法,研究了不同生育期干旱胁迫对花生抗旱指标值及产量的影响。结果表明:不同生育时期干旱胁迫均导致花生荚果产量降低。其中花针期干旱荚果产量降低的幅度最大,比对照降低了27.52%,其次是结荚期干旱,比对照降低了25.55%,再是饱果成熟期干旱比对照降低了14.92%,苗期干旱降低荚果产量的幅度最小,比对照降低了9.79%。通过敏感系数对花生不同生育时期干旱的敏感性进行评价表明花针期对干旱胁迫最敏感,其次为结荚期和饱果成熟期,苗期对干旱最不敏感。     

Effect of polyamine on seed germination of wheat under drought stress is related to changes in hormones and carbohydrates

Drought is a multifaceted stress condition that inhibits crop growth. Seed germination is one of the critical and sensitive stages of plants, and its process is inhibited or even entirely prevented by drought. Polyamines(PAs) are closely associated with plant resistance to drought stress and seed germination. However, little is known about the effect of PA on the seed germination of wheat under drought stress. This study investigated the involvement of PAs in regulating wheat seed germination under drought stress. Six wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance were used, and endogenous PA levels were measured during seed germination under different water treatments. In addition, external PA was used for seed soaking and the variation of hormones, total soluble sugar and starch were measured during the seed germination under different water treatments. These results indicated that the free spermidine(Spd) accumulation in seeds during the seed germination period favored wheat seed germination under drought stress; however, the free putrescine(Put) accumulation in seeds during the seed germination period may work against wheat seed germination under drought stress. In addition, seed soaking in Spd and spermine(Spm) significantly relieved the inhibition of seed germination by drought stress; however, soaking seeds in Put had no significant effect on seed germination under drought. External Spd and Spm significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR), abscisic acid(ABA), and gibberellins(GA) contents in seeds and accelerated the seed starch degradation and increased the concentration of soluble sugars in seeds during seed germination. This may promote wheat seed germination under drought stress. In conclusion, free Spd and Put are key factors for regulating wheat seed germination under drought stress and the effects of Spd and Put on seed germination under drought notably related to hormones and starch metabolism.     

Response and adaptation to the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic product in peanut under salt stress

To clarify the response and adaptability of peanut under salt stress, Huayu 25 was used as the material, and non-salt stress(CK), 0.15% salt stress(S1), and 0.3% salt stress(S2) were applied as three treatments. The study analysed the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic substances accumulation and distribution as well as the ecological adaptability of peanuts. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate(Pn), SPAD value, leaf area, and peanut yield were reduced under salt stress. Pn in CK was 13.71 and 28.72% higher than that in S1 and S2 at the 50 th day after planting, respectively. At the same growth period, the SPAD value among treatments was ranked as follows: CKS1S2. The 100-pod mass, 100-kernel mass, kernel rate to pod, and pod mass per plant were reduced under salt stress, and the trend was CKS1S2. The distribution proportion of dry matter in different organs of peanut plant was changed to adapt to such stress. Roots under salt stress intensively distributed in a 0–40 cm soil layer for salt resistance. Dry mass proportion in stems and pods increased during the vegetative stage and early period of reproductive stage, respectively. The maximum growth rates of the pod volume, pod dry weight, and seed kernel dry weight all declined, and the pod and kernel volume at harvest were reduced, improving the seed plumpness under salt stress. This finding could be useful in growing peanut in saline soil.     

种植模式对机采棉生长及棉田水分利用效率的影响

为探讨当前新疆机采棉不同种植模式对棉花生长发育、产量及农田水分利用效率的影响,在新疆石河子市于2017年、2018年棉花生长季,设置4种机采棉种植模式,包括一膜三行(76 cm+76 cm+76 cm)、一膜四行(64 cm+12 cm)、一膜四行(66 cm+10 cm)和一膜六行(66 cm+10 cm)(分别标记为F3_((76))、F4_((64+12))、F4_((66+10))和F6_((66+10))),分析评价不同种植模式对棉花株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、籽棉产量以及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。研究结果表明:低密度F3_((76))种植模式下最有利于棉花株高、干物质积累量和叶面积指数的提高,从而提高棉花产量;而高密度F6_((66+10))种植模式下棉花各项生长指标最不利于产量提高;F4_((66+10))和F4_((64+12))适中;其中F4_((66+10))模式籽棉产量大于F4_((64+12))模式。WUE表现为F3_((76))最大,F6_((66+10))最小,F4_((64+12))和F4_((66+10))模式下WUE差异不显著。因此,认为F3_((76))种植模式最有利于提高棉花产量和WUE,在其种植模式下棉花群体抗旱性最强,F4种植模式下的两种株行距配置F4_((64+12))和F4_((66+10))也有一定抗旱性;而F6_((66+10))模式不利于产量提高,也不利于增强其抗旱性。该研究可为北疆机采棉节水灌溉下实施有效的种植模式提供理论依据。     

Low soil temperature and drought stress conditions at flowering stage affect physiology and pollen traits of rice

Low temperature and drought stress are the major constraints in rice productivity worldwide. This study investigated the influence of low soil temperature and/or drought stress on physiology and pollen traits of two rice genotypes viz., Guinongzhan and Yueza 763 at flowering stage. The experiment included four treatments, i.e., under the greenhouse natural growth conditions(UC) taken as control, drought stress(DS), the soil water potential was kept at-0.035 to-0.045 MPa(DS), low soil temperature(LT) maintained at 19 to 21°C, combined LT and DS(LT+DS, LD). Results showed that LT, DS, and LD substantially reduced net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(F_v/F_m), whilst transpiration rate(T_r) was markedly enhanced by under LT in both rice genotypes. The malondialdehyde(MDA) contents were enhanced under LT, DS, and LD in Guinongzhan, whilst the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) were regulated by LT, DS, and LD in both rice genotypes. Furthermore, anther dehiscence rate, pollen numbers on stigma, pollen viability and pollen germination rate, and anther starch contents were obviously reduced under LT and DS of both rice genotypes. Stress conditions substantially reduced the yield and yield components, i.e., effective panicles, seed set percentage, grain/panicles, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield of both genotypes and the effects were more apparent in Guinongzhan than those in Yueza 763 whilst combined LT and DS proved more damaging than individual stress.     

Seed Priming Influence on Early Crop Growth,Phenological Development and Yield Performance of Linola (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Reduced early crop growth and limited branching are amongst yield limiting factors of linola. Field response of seed priming treatments viz. 50 mmol L⁻¹ salicylic acid (SA), 2.2% CaCl₂ and 3.3% moringa leaf extract (MLE) including untreated dry and hydropriming controls was evaluated on early crop growth and yield performance of linola. Osmopriming with CaCl₂ reduced emergence time and produced the highest seedling fresh and dry weights including Chl. a contents. Osmopriming with CaCl₂ reduced crop branching and flowering and maturity times and had the maximum plant height, number of branches, tillers, pods and seeds per pod followed by MLE. Increase in seed weight, biological and seed yields was 9.30, 34.16 and 39.49%, harvest index (4.12%) and oil contents (13.39%) for CaCl₂ osmopriming. Positive relationship between emergence and seedling vigor traits, 100-seed weight, seed yield with maturity time, 100-seed weight and seed yield were found. The study concludes that seed osmopriming with CaCl₂ or MLE can play significant role to improve early crop growth and seed yields of linola.     

应用GGE叠图法分析种植密度对冀绿7号生长和产量的影响

以绿豆新品种冀绿7号为材料,设置9.0、10.5、12.0、13.5、15.0、16.5、18.0万/hm 7个密度处理,利用GGE双标图分析不同种植密度对其个体发育及群体结构的影响。结果表明,密度变化对冀绿7号的株高、主茎节数、单荚粒数、百粒质量影响较小,对单株荚数、单株粒质量影响较大。随密度增大,分枝数、收获指数有逐渐减小的趋势,生物产量和光合势则逐渐增大。冀绿7号的籽粒产量在低密度时随密度增大而增加,密度为13.5万/hm时产量最高,随密度继续升高产量保持相对稳定。     

叶面喷施微肥对花生产量及品质的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究了叶面喷施微肥对花生产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在一定的N、P、K肥供给水平上,喷施硼、锌、钙、钼等单一微量元素处理,花生荚果产量增幅为6.00%～8.38%,籽仁产量增幅为6.66%～8.96%;喷施硼锌处理,荚果产量和籽仁产量分别增加13.05%和13.06%;喷施硼钙处理,荚果产量和籽仁产量分别增加12.44%和14.21%;叶面喷施微肥各处理荚果和籽仁增产均达到极显著水平。喷施硼锌处理花生蛋白质含量和油亚比分别增加0.60个百分点和0.34,喷施硼钙处理脂肪含量和油酸/亚油酸比值分别增加0.20个百分点和0.27。综合分析,在供试条件下,喷施禾丰硼(450g/hm2)+禾丰锌(270g/hm2)或喷施禾丰硼(450g/hm2)+果蔬钙肥(675mL/hm2)能显著提高花生产量和品质。     

稗草和水分胁迫对大豆地上器官氮素分配与积累的交互影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,但显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝和鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期一开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期一开花期的溃涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。     

不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米株高、果穗性状及产量的影响

摘要：为研究同一品种不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米植株高度、果穗性状以及产量的影响程度，设置全生育期供水充足、大田自然干旱、拔节期控水、抽雄期控水、拔节期控水-复水、抽雄期控水-复水6种处理的对比试验，用对比分析的方法比较不同处理下玉米的株高、果穗性状以及产量之间的差异。结果表明：干旱胁迫使玉米植株矮小，果穗长减小7.88%~54.55%，果穗粗减小14.58%~52.08%，秃尖长度增大66.67%~258.33%，百粒重减小0.99%~41.36%，单株产量减少15.03%~94.41%，最终导致减产23.57%~90.03%。不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对产量的影响差异显著，全生育期干旱最为严重，几乎无产量，拔节期次之，抽雄期干旱胁迫影响最小，复水后由于部分补偿了前期干旱胁迫所减少的生物量，果穗性状、百粒重均有好转，减产幅度减轻。     

抗旱拌种剂对玉米生长及产量的影响

[目的]探讨抗旱拌种剂的不同施用量对玉米幼苗抗旱能力及产量的影响,为干旱地区玉米种子播前拌种处理技术提供参考.[方法]按抗旱拌种剂施用量:0(CK)、1.5、3.0、4,5、6.0 kg/ha.设5个处理分别进行室内水分胁迫试验和田间试验.测定各处理对玉米的出芽率、相关农艺性状和成熟期产量的影响.[结果]在室内轻度干旱(R=55%)水分胁迫下,抗旱拌种剂施用量为3.0 kg/ha处理的玉米种子发芽势和发芽率最好,与CK相比分别提高9.99%和9.10%,且各农艺性状指标相较CK也有不同程度的提高;在田间试验中,不同施用量抗旱拌种剂处理对玉米不同时期的株高具有促长作用,且对玉米苗期的促长作用大于其他时期,提高了玉米的生物量和鲜产量,其中抗旱拌种剂施用量为6.0kg/ha处理的生物量和鲜产量最高,与CK相比分别提高5.79%和5.25%,处理2次之.[结论]在轻度干旱R=55%条件下,施用3.0kg/ha的抗旱拌种剂,可增强玉米幼苗抗旱能力,提高玉米幼苗出芽率及成熟期产量.     

灌浆前期高温干旱复合胁迫对优质食味粳稻产量与穗后物质生产特征的影响

【目的】研究灌浆前期高温干旱复合胁迫对优质食味粳稻产量与穗后物质生产特征的影响，为优质稻丰产抗逆栽培技术集成创新提供理论参考。【方法】以优质食味软米南粳9108和丰粳1606为试验材料，在抽穗后1~20 d设高温干旱（HD）、高温常规水分管理（HC）、常温干旱（CD）、常温常规水分（CK） 4个处理，研究灌浆前期高温干旱复合胁迫对水稻产量、穗部性状及穗后干物重积累、转运特征的影响。【结果】着粒密度、千粒重、结实率、产量及收获指数在各处理间均表现为HD0.05，下同），但均与CD、CK差异显著（P<0.05，下同）或极显著，除结实率和千粒重外，CD与CK差异不显著。一次或二次枝梗上的实粒数、实粒重、千粒重与结实率在不同处理间均表现为HD相似文献   

花粒期干旱对春玉米产量及品质影响的研究

为保证黑龙江省玉米的高产稳产,以嫩单14玉米杂交种为试验材料,通过对花粒期的不同生育时期进行干旱胁迫处理,对春玉米的植株性状、产量性状及其品质进行测定,分析了花粒期干旱胁迫对产量及品质的影响。结果表明:花粒期不同生育时期干旱胁迫春玉米株高、单株干重、单株叶面积、产量及产量构成因子均有不同程度下降。穗粒数在抽雄期干旱处理降低幅度最大,百粒重在灌浆期干旱处理降低幅度最大,单株产量在抽雄期干旱胁迫处理减产最大;抽雄期、吐丝期和灌浆期干旱胁迫处理使籽粒粗脂肪含量下降,粗蛋白含量升高。     

绿豆品种抗旱性早期鉴定方法研究

【目的】探讨早期鉴定绿豆品种抗旱性的简易方法,为绿豆抗旱育种提供借鉴。【方法】依据种子吸水后24 h的发芽率对25个绿豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级,从中筛选出4个抗旱品种和4个普通品种,采用盆栽控水试验,研究水分胁迫处理（土壤含水量控制在9%～11%）对绿豆生长指标及生物量的影响,根据绿豆植株的抗旱性表现来验证依据种子24 h发芽率划分的抗旱等级。【结果】不同绿豆品种间种子24 h发芽率存在明显差异。种子吸水量与抗旱等级不相关,幼苗侧根数、主根长度和根系干质量与抗旱等级呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）正相关关系。对萌发后幼苗正常供水24 h后,随即停水24 h,重复5次,抗旱品种的存活率显著高于普通品种。在营养生长期,停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且随着停水时间的延长,普通品种萎蔫叶片数均高于抗旱品种;复水后,抗旱品种叶片的恢复能力强于普通品种。水分胁迫条件下,绿豆抗旱品种的株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著高于普通品种,其中抗旱品种与普通品种的茎直径和叶片面积差异达到极显著水平。在结荚期,抗旱品种的根、叶片、荚生物量显著高于普通品种。鼓粒期,普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。【结论】测定种子24 h发芽率可作为早期绿豆品种抗旱性鉴定和筛选的方法。     

广西绿豆种质资源农艺性状分析

对112份广西绿豆种质资源的主要农艺性状进行观察比较和相关性分析。结果表明,主茎分枝数、单株荚数
和单株产量的变异度大,百粒重的变异度较大,株高、主茎节数、荚长和荚宽的变异度中等,而单荚粒数和全生育期的
变异度较小。绿豆成熟荚色以黑色为主,占91．07％;籽粒颜色以绿色为主,占93．75％;籽粒中、小粒型分别占48．2％和
47．3％,大粒型占4．5％。株高与主茎节数、百粒重呈极显著负相关,与单株产量相关性不显著;单株荚数与荚长、荚宽及
百粒重呈极显著负相关,与全生育期呈显著负相关;百粒重与荚宽、荚长呈极显著正相关,而单株产量与单株荚数、白
粒重呈极显著正相关,与荚宽、荚长呈显著正相关,与其他性状相关性不显著。因此,在广西绿豆育种或品种改良过程
中,可根据不同绿豆种质资源特性及其农艺性状间的相关性,通过严格选择,以获得高产、大荚、大粒、植株矮健、生育
期适中的优良品种。
     

山东省绿豆品种主要农艺性状调查分析及筛选研究

对山东省33个绿豆品种的8个农艺性状进行了调查及相关性分析。结果表明:分枝数、单位面积产量、单株荚数变异度较大,株高、荚长、主茎节数、百粒重变异度中等,单荚粒数变异度最小。籽粒大小以中粒型为主,占78.79%。单位面积产量与荚长呈极显著正相关性,与百粒重呈显著正相关性,与株高呈极显著负相关,与主茎节数呈显著负相关性,与其他性状相关性不显著。株高与主茎节数、荚长与单荚粒数和百粒重、分枝数与单株荚数呈极显著正相关,株高与单荚粒数呈显著正相关,株高与单株荚数呈显著负相关。因此,在品种选育或品种改良过程中,可以根据不同绿豆品种特性和农艺性状之间的相关性,严格选择,获得高产、粒大、植株矮健的优良品种。综合33个绿豆品种各性状表现及相关性分析,获得综合性状优异、产量较高的绿豆材料3份。     

Evaluation of drought indices to identify tolerant genotypes in common bean bush(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses often causing negative impacts on bean crops in the Andean region in Colombia. An experiment under the greenhouse conditions was carried out to assess the effect of a prolonged drought period(15 days) at two different phenological stages(vegetative or reproductive) on grain yield and yield components of five bush bean cultivars(ICA-Cerinza, Bachue, NUA35, Bianca, and Bacatá). Nine tolerance indices including stress susceptibility index(SSI), tolerance(TOL), mean productivity(MP), geometric mean productivity(GMP), stress tolerance index(STI), yield stability index(YSI), yield index(YI), Harmonic mean(HM), and drought sensitivity index(DSI) were calculated based on grain yield under non-stressed(YP) and drought(YS) conditions. Based on the different drought indices, genotypes ICA-Cerinza and NUA35 had the best performance under drought conditions in both studied phases, which reflected in a reduction of grain yield ～≤40%. The biplot analysis also showed a clear superiority of these two genotypes at both phenological stages. Results also showed that SSI was more effective to identify genotypes less affected by drought. The above results allowed us to conclude that ICA-Cerinza and NUA35 may be considered for agricultural areas where long periods of water deficit are expected and can be used in breeding programs for drought tolerance.     

不同类型稻抗旱性鉴定指标研究

以具有代表性的粳稻，旱稻，陆稻，籼稻及其杂交种共18个品种（组合）为试材，采用淹水栽培与旱作对比的方法。分析了不同类型稻的抗旱性及其鉴定方法。探讨了这些方法及指标与水分胁迫条件下水稻产量的关系。选出两个与水分胁迫条件下产量关系最为密切的水稻生理指标。确定了水稻旱作时结实率为最直观的抗旱性鉴定指标。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的叶片形态及生理特性

【目的】筛选叶片抗旱相关性状,探索性状指标大小的评价方法,揭示不同抗旱性花生品种抗旱的叶片形态及生理机制。【方法】以12个花生品种为试验材料,在人工控水条件下,于苗期及结荚期给予干旱胁迫及正常灌水对照2个土壤水分处理,苗期处理以盆栽种植方式进行,称重法控水,结荚期处理在池栽条件下进行,测墒补灌法控水,控水期间以电动防雨棚遮雨。测定苗期干旱及正常供水对照的叶片组织结构、厚度、比叶重、叶面积、光合速率、叶绿素含量等叶片性状指标,对比分析上述叶片性状与花生品种抗旱性的关系,以性状指标大小评价不同花生品种抗旱的叶片机制,以生物量抗旱系数评价苗期抗旱性,以收获期产量抗旱系数评价结荚期抗旱性。【结果】通过2年的试验发现,干旱胁迫下,不同花生品种生物量抗旱系数及产量抗旱系数有显著差异,苗期与结荚期抗旱性基本一致。根据产量抗旱系数可将12个花生品种抗旱性分为强、中、弱3级,抗旱性强的品种为A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生,花育20号、农大818、海花1号、山花9号和79266为中度抗旱品种,抗旱性弱的品种有ICG6848、白沙1016、花17和蓬莱一窝猴。干旱胁迫改变了叶片组织结构,降低了单株叶面积、功能叶面积、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率,增加了比叶重。不同抗旱性花生品种叶片性状有显著差异,抗旱性强的品种在对照及干旱胁迫下均具有较高的叶片厚度、栅/海比、比叶重、单株叶面积、光合速率。干旱胁迫下,较大的叶片栅/海比值、比叶重和光合速率是如皋西洋生和山花11号抗旱的叶片机制;山花9号与花育20号较大的单株光合面积,A596较大的光合速率是它们重要的抗旱机制。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下的叶片栅/海比、比叶重、单株叶面积和光合速率与品种抗旱系数的相关性达极显著水平。【结论】山花11号和79266分别可作为花生强、弱抗旱性鉴定的标准品种。花生出苗后10 d进行40%土壤相对含水量的干旱处理,持续胁迫14 d时的叶片栅/海比、单株叶面积、比叶重和光合速率可鉴定花生种质的叶片抗旱能力。正常灌水条件下,始花期的栅/海比、单株叶面积、比叶重也能反映花生叶片的抗旱级别。山花11号可作为花生叶片优异抗旱性状鉴定的标准品种。