The Effect of Yucca schidigera Extract on Ruminal Fermentation and Parameters Traits in Sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated sheep (40 ± 2.1 kg)fed a 50% concentrate 50% forage diet (DM basis) were given intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE). Doses of 0 (control), 100, 200, or 300 mg kg-1 diet were given at 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. On 15, 16, and 17 d of the experimental period, ruminal contents were sampled 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after dosing, and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment (18th and 19th d). Acidity was not affected (P＞0.05) by the addition of YSE. Compared with the control, ruminal propionate concentration was increased by 29.4 and 29.8% (P＞0.05) and the acetic acid concentration was decreased by 15.1 and 19.8% (P＞0.05) at 4 and 6 h after YSE (300 mg kg-1) dosing, respectively. Ruminal ammonia concentration in the first 2 h after feeding was higher (P＜0.05) in the sheep that did not receive YSE (increased by 17.57 mg 100 mL-1) than in those that received 200 mg kg-1 (increased by 6.77 mg 100 mL-1) or 300 mg kg-1 (increased by 6.50 mg 100 mL-1) YSE. Protozoan populations in the rumen were lower (P ＜ 0.05) in the animals that received 300 mg kg-1 of YSE compared with the control. All serum parameters of the four groups were in the normal range and were similar among the treatment groups (P＞0.05), after being fed for 19 d with different doses of YSE. The effect of YSE on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased concentration of protozoan populations and, presumably, from ammonia binding by YSE.     

Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental pollutant with a long biological half-life and can produce both hepatic and renal injuries in mammals and fish. Squid viscera meal (SVM), an effective attractant for aquatic animals, is widely used as an ingredient in aquafeeds. However, SVM is rich in Cd and its complexes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary SVM on the growth and Cd deposition in the tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. Three practical diets were formulated to contain a 0, 50 and 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM diet, correspondingly containing a 0.21, 7.26 and 12.08 mg Cd · kg⁻¹ diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 100 juveniles of large yellow croaker (mean initial weight, 9.75 ± 0.35 g) in floating sea cages (1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) to satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were no significant differences in fish survival among the three dietary treatments, but significant higher specific growth rates (SGR) were observed in the fish fed diets with 50 or 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM diet compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The cadmium concentrations in fish tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and gill) were significantly influenced by the dietary SVM. The cadmium concentrations in all tissues significantly increased with increasing dietary Cd levels (P < 0.05). In all the dietary treatments, the highest Cd level was always observed in the kidney, followed by the liver and the gill. Fish fed diets with 50 and 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM had significantly higher Cd accumulations in the kidney (2.65, 4.44 mg · kg⁻¹), liver (0.58, 0.93 mg · kg⁻¹) and gill (0.35, 0.53 mg · kg⁻¹) compared with the control group (0.42, 0.26 and 0.12 mg · kg⁻¹, respectively). The Cd level in fish muscle, however, was undetectable in all treatments. Therefore, based on these results, accumulation of Cd in edible tissue (muscle) of farmed large yellow croaker is not a food safety issue. However, long-term feeding of diets with SVM may result in accumulation of Cd in the kidney, liver and gills of fish.     

Effects of folic acid supplementation on growth performance and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different folic acid supplemental levels on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets. There were 160 piglets with initially average bodyweight of 7.33 kg randomly assigned to diets containing five levels of folic acid: basal diets (C), 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 0.5), 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 2.5), 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 5.0), or 10.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 10.0). Blood samples were collected from a subset (n = 20; 4 pigs per treatment) of the piglets on day 0, 14, and 28. Liver samples were collected from the blood-taken piglets on day 28 of the experiment. Pigs fed basal diet supplemented with 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid grew faster (P<0.05) and consumed more feed (P<0.01) than groups of C, FS 5.0, and FS 10.0 during the last two weeks. Dietary treatment had no effect on F/G throughout the experiment. Pigs in the FS 2.5 group showed greater concentrations of Growth Hormone (GH) (P<0.05) and Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-1) (P<0.01) in serum than C and FS 10.0 on day 28. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FS 0.5, FS 2.5, and FS 5.0 had a greater abundance of the mRNA encoding 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase than C and FS 10.0 (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of folate binding protein in FS 0.5 and FS 2.5 were upregulated compared with pigs fed with basal diet (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that folate supplemental level of 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ significantly enhanced the growth performance of piglets. Folic acid had an impact on folate metabolism and the homocysteine concentrations. No folate supplementation or folate supplemental level of 10 mg·kg⁻¹ could not increase the growth performance to the greatest degree.     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops. A complete protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration was developed from the leaves of four pear varieties grown in vitro: Abbe Fetel, Yali, Packham’s Triumph and Aikansui, and the Chinese rootstock variety Duli. Shoot explants were collected from the field and cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After four weeks, leaf explants of all 5 varieties grown in vitro were excised and cultured in MS media supplemented with 0.0 mg·L⁻¹, 0.2mg·L⁻¹, 0.5 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA or with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ). The cultures were maintained in darkness for 21 days for shoot induction in the shoot induction medium (IM), then transferred to the shoot expression medium (EM) in 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ without any auxins and kept in a growth room at (25±2)°C under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod regime for 8 weeks. Finally, the shoots were transferred to the MS shoot elongation medium (SEM) supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). A combination of TDZ and NAA had a significant effect on the number of shoot regenerations in all 5 tested varieties. The maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf obtained from Yali variety were 11.8 (P⩽0.001) and 22, followed by Aikansui with 6.6 (P⩽0.001) and 4.6, and Duli with 8 (P⩽0.001) and 12, all arising from the combination of 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ NAA with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ. For Packham’s Triumph and Abbe Fetel, the maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf were 5.6 (P⩽0.001), 4.8 and 8 (P⩽0.001), and 11, respectively, from the combination of NAA (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) and TDZ (2.0 mg·L⁻¹). Abbe Fetel was the only variety which produced significantly higher adventitious shoots from the two different combinations of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.05), and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.01). Some of the most prominent problems associated with shoot proliferation and regeneration were also observed and discussed in this paper.     

不同食用方式下蝉花麦角甾醇、虫草素、腺苷和多糖的比较

开展对蝉花不同食用方式下其子实体、菌核、浸提液和浸提后蝉花,进行麦角甾醇、虫草素、腺苷和多糖的定量研究,以期得出有实用价值的差别性数据,为对蝉花进一步的综合利用提供理论数据。不同食用方式分为直接食用蝉花粉末、水煮后制剂和水煮后蝉花整食。根据市场上将蝉花质量高低按子实体大小划分,分别开发食用蝉花子实体、蝉花菌核、蝉花浸提液和浸提后蝉花。研究结果表明:(1)麦角甾醇。子实体中为0.34±0.05 mg·g~(-1),浸提蝉花中为0.31±0.03 mg·g~(-1),菌核中为0.07±0.01 mg·g~(-1),浸提液中未检出。(2)虫草素。子实体中为0.54±0.04mg·g~(-1),浸提蝉花中为0.28±0.02 mg·g~(-1),浸提液中为0.37±0.03 mg·g~(-1),菌核中为0.14±0.02 mg·g~(-1)。(3)腺苷。子实体中为0.61±0.04 mg·g~(-1),浸提蝉花中为0.35±0.05 mg·g~(-1),菌核中为0.30±0.06 mg·g~(-1),浸提液中为0.45±0.04 mg·g~(-1)。(4)多糖。菌核中为(14.84±1.79)%,浸提蝉花中为(13.34±0.95)%,子实体中为(13.17±1.02)%,浸提液中为(9.61±0.71)%。结果显示,蝉花子实体、菌核与浸提前后蝉花活性成分存在差异。     

Accumulation and distribution of selenium in some vegetable crops grown in selenate-Se treated clay loam soil

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the accumulation of selenium by some vegetable crops commonly grown in the Indian Punjab. Eleven vegetable crops were raised in an alkaline clay loam soil treated with different levels of selenate-Se, i.e., 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ soil. Dry matter yield of both edible and inedible portions of different vegetable crops decreased with increasing Se level in soil except potato (Solanum tuberosum), radish (Raphanus sativus) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) which recorded 10%–21% increase in inedible dry matter at 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil. Application of 5 mg·kg⁻¹ selenate-Se soil resulted in complete mortality in the case of radish, turnip (Brassica rapa) and brinjal (Solanum melongena). Some vegetable crops including tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), cauliflower and pea (Pisum sativum), though, survived the toxic effect at the highest concentration of Se yet did not bear any fruit. Potato and spinach (Spinacea oleracea) proved to be highly tolerant crops. Selenium concentration in the edible as well as inedible portions of all the vegetables increased with an increase in the level of applied Se. Selenium accumulation in the edible portion of vegetable crops in the no-Se control ranged from 2.2 to 4.9 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight. At 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil, the edible portion of radish accumulated the greatest concentration of Se (38 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight) with that of onion (Allium cepa) bulb the lowest (9 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight). Inedible portions of vegetables accumulated Se 2–5 times more than that absorbed by edible portions. Total Se uptake by edible portions of different vegetables was the greatest at 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil, ranging from 7 to 485 μg·pot⁻¹. The results suggest that vegetable crops vary in their sensitivity to the presence of selenate-Se in soil. Vegetative portions were several times richer in Se than other parts of vegetable crops.     

Effect of extracts of Chinese pine on its own seed germination and seedling growth

The allelopathic potential of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) against its own seed germination and seedling growth was tested with aqueous extracts (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 g·mL⁻¹) obtained from different organs (roots and litter needles) at different individual ages (12, 52, and 110 years old). The results showed that root and litter extracts had different effects on seed germination and seedling growth, and the effects varied with the concentrations, the organs, and the tree age of extracts. The strongest stimulatory effect on seed germination of Chinese pine was exposed to 0.02 g·mL⁻¹ root extract from the 110 years old Chinese pine trees and exposed to 0.02 g·mL⁻¹ litter extract from the 12 years old Chinese pine trees. Meanwhile, the strongest stimulatory effect on growth of Chinese pine seedlings was exposed not only to 0.01 g·mL⁻¹ root extracts from the 110 years old Chinese pine but also to 0.01 g·mL⁻¹ litter extract from the 12 years old Chinese pine. The promoting effect of the extracts of root on seed germination and seedling growth increased in the order of 12, 52, and 110 years old. The promoting effect of the extracts of litter on seed germination and seedling growth increased in the order of 110, 52, and 12 years old. Our results suggested that litter leachates or root exudates of Chinese pine may influence the natural regeneration within Chinese pine stands via the release of allelochemicals into the environment.     

Effects of prey density on the growth and survival of hybrid snakehead larvae

The effects of prey density (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 prey·mL⁻¹) on the growth and survival of hybrid snakehead (Channa argus × C. maculate) larvae were investigated. The larvae were divided into three groups with different body lengths of 0.68 cm, 1.50 cm and 3.20 cm, respectively. The growth of the hybrid snakehead larvae in all three groups increased with prey density increasing from 0.1 to 1 prey·mL⁻¹. The specific growth rate (SGR) was the highest when the prey density was 1 prey·mL⁻¹. When prey density was higher than 1 prey·mL⁻¹, SGR of larvae in Group I (the larvae of early development stage) decreased, while no significant change was observed in those of Group II and Group III. The survival rates of hybrid snakehead larvae in all three groups were high (91.11%–100%) and not significantly affected by the prey densities except in Group I with the highest prey density (10.0 prey·mL⁻¹) which was significantly lower than the others. Body size was not sensitive to prey density. The optimum prey density was confirmed at 1 prey·mL⁻¹ in all the treatments. __________ Translated from Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2007, 26(3): 367–370 [译自: 华中农业大学学报]     

Effects of phosphate fertilizer and manure on Chinese cabbage yield and soil phosphorus accumulation

The yield response of Chinese cabbage to phosphate fertilizer and manure was studied. The effect of over-application of phosphate fertilizer and manure on plant total phosphorus content and phosphorus accumulation in soil was also investigated. The experiment was arranged in a plastic barrel in the field for two years. Application of phosphate fertilizer at the rates of 150–600 mg·kg⁻¹ gave a yield increase of 14.9%–21.5% of Chinese cabbage. Application of manure at the rates of 33.3–-133.2 g·kg⁻¹ gave a yield increase of 18.2%–25.9%of the crop. There was no significant difference of yield response at the rates of 150, 300 and 600 mg·kg⁻¹ phosphate fertilizer, and no significant yield response to the application of phosphate fertilizer after applying manure. The total P content in Chinese cabbage was increased gradually with the rate increase of phosphate fertilizer and manure. Phosphorus was absorbed luxuriously by the plant with over-application phosphate fertilizer and manure. The content of total-P, Olsen-P, water-soluble P, biological available P in the soil was increased with the rate of phosphate fertilizer and manure. Organic phosphorus in the soil was increased by the application of manure. Olsen-P had high correlations with water-soluble-P and biological available-P, but there was a poor relationship between Olsen-P and organic-P. __________ Translated from Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(10): 2147–2153 [译自: 中国农业科学]     

角鲨烯对1~21日龄白羽肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力 和免疫功能的影响

为了研究SQ对1～21日龄白羽肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响,选取体重为（38.38±0.25） g的 1日龄雄性AA⁺白羽肉鸡360只,将雏鸡随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只,分别饲喂基础日粮,基础日粮+175 mg·kg^-1角鲨烯（squalene,SQ）和基础日粮+350 mg·kg^-1 SQ,试验期为21 d。结果表明：（1）饲粮中添加175和350 mg·kg^-1 SQ均能显著提高肉鸡平均日增重,并显著降低料重比（P＜0.05）,同时提高肉鸡血清中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性及总抗氧化力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）（P＜0.05）,显著降低血清丙二醛（malonyldialdehyde,MDA）含量（P＜0.05）,且350 mg·kg^-1SQ 添加量在改善肉鸡血清过氧化氢酶活性和总抗氧化力方面,效果显著优于175 mg·kg^-1（P＜0.05）。（2）饲粮中添加175和350 mg·kg^-1 SQ均能显著提高肉鸡血清中高密度脂蛋白、补体C3和C4水平（P＜0.05）,显著降低血清中低密度脂蛋白水平（P＜0.05）,且350 mg·kg^-1 SQ 添加量在降低血清低密度脂蛋白和提高补体C3和C4水平方面效果显著优于175 mg·kg^-1（P＜0.05）。（3）饲粮中添加175和350 mg·kg^-1 SQ均能显著提高肉鸡免疫器官指数（P＜0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中添加 SQ能有效改善1~21日龄白羽肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能,其中350 mg·kg^-1 SQ在改善肉鸡血清过氧化氢酶、总抗氧化力、补体C3和C4方面更具优势。     

The allelopathy of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, an invasive weed species

To identify the allelopathic effect of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze (F. bidenti) on other plants, the effects of different extracts from F. bidentis on the growth of several plants were studied by bioassay. Results showed that the water extracts inhibited the growth of corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cotton (Gassypium Hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine hispida L.), peanut (Arachi shypogaea L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) and rigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), with the most reactive indexes found in root and stem of cotton at −0.85 and −0.88, respectively, at a concentration of 0.2 g·mL⁻¹. However, the water extracts accelerated the growth of rice. In addition, the reactive indexes of the extracts of petroleum ether chloroform, ethyl acetate, acet and alcohol were higher than that of the water extracts, and that of the acet extracts was the highest. The melting point of the refined acetone extract ranged from 192.5°C to 193.5°C, and its maximum absorbing wavelength was 220 nm. This extract was found to be herbicide-active and played an inhibitory role in the growth of crabgrass and rigweed at concentrations of 1000, 500, 100 and 50 mg·L⁻¹. __________ Translated from Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2007, 30(6): 63–67 [译自 : 河北农业大学学报]     

Suitable condition of enzymatic reactivity for determining the digestibility of feedstuffs phosphorus in vitro by dialysis tube method

In order to develop a new method for determining the phosphorus (P) digestibility in vitro in feedstuffs by dialysis tube, a L₃₂(4⁹) orthogonal experiment with eight factors (4 levels for each factor) and a single factor experiment on the enzymatic reactivity were carried out. The sequence of significance of the eight factors on sample-P dialyzability was as follows: trypsin digestion for 6 h, dialyzing solution at 100 mL, pH of pepsin solution at 2.5, pepsin concentration at 2000 U·mL⁻¹ pepsin digestion for 100 min, at temperature of 35°C, trypsin concentration at 1625 U·mL⁻¹, and pH of trypsin solution at 6.5, respectively. And in vitro dialyzabilities of P in soybean meal, barley, sorghum, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal were (36.91 ± 0.58)%, (27.28 ± 0.94)%, (26.95 ± 0.58)%, (30.51 ± 0.83)%, and (20.82 ± 1.09)%, respectively. __________ Translated from Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2007, 28(3): 85–89 [译自: 华南农业大学学报]     

Study on the in vitro culture of cut plants in wheat haploid embryo induction by a wheat × maize cross

The wheat × maize system is one of the most effective ways to produce haploids in wheat. Whether and how it could be successfully applied in practical breeding mostly depends upon the efficiency of haploid embryo production. To perfect the protocols of haploid embryo induction, the efficiency of haploid embryo production between in vitro culture of cut plant and intact plant growth for hybrid spikes with two F₁ wheat hybrids and two maize varieties was compared. Effects of different cutting plant times and formulas of nutrient solutions for cut plant culture on haploid embryo formation were also studied. Results indicated that the embryo rate of in vitro culture was 3.29 times that of intact plant growth, with the figures of 31.6% vs 9.6%, respectively. The optimal time for cut plant culture was 24 h after pollination. Formulas of nutrient solutions significantly affected the efficiency of haploid embryo induction. With an embryo rate of 0–35.5%, adding calcium phosphate in the culture solution at 3 g·L⁻¹ could raise the caryopsis and embryo rates. According to this study, the best medium for cut plant culture was: 100 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D+ 40 g·L⁻¹ sucrose + 10 mg·L⁻¹ silver nitrate + 8 mL·L⁻¹ sulfurous acid + 3 g·L⁻¹ calcium phosphate, with which a caryopsis rate of 95% and an embryo rate of about 30% could be obtained. __________ Translated from Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2008, 28(1): 1–5 [译自: 麦类作物学报]     

Kinetics of microbial immobilization of phosphorus in a weathered subtropical soil following treatment with organic amendments and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas</Emphasis> sp.

To understand the role of microbial processes in phosphorus (P) immobilization in a weathered subtropical soil, the effects of application of a phosphatesolubilization microorganism strain (Pseudomonas sp. 2VCP1) on P availability in soil, dynamics in microbial biomass P (Bp), microbial biomass C (Bc) and Olsen-P were investigated during a 60-d laboratory incubation. The included treatments were P. sp. inoculums at ×10⁶ cfu·g⁻¹ soil (CKM); glucose at 5 g·kg⁻¹ soil (G); G with P. sp. inoculum (GM); rice straw at 5 or 10 g·kg⁻¹ soil (5S or 10S); 5S and 10S with P. sp. inoculum (5SM and 10SM). The results indicated that the amount of soil Bc increased about 3.2, 1.7, and 2.6 times for G, 5S and 10S compared to the control (no organic amendment and P. sp.; CK), respectively. The amount of soil Bp for G and 10S almost doubled during the first 7 d, then remained relatively steady. The amount of Olsen-P in G, 5S and 10S showed a significant decrease (0–5.4 mg P·kg⁻¹ soil) during the 60-d incubation compared to CK. However, changes in soil Bp between the treatments inoculated with P. sp. (CKM, G, 5SM, 10SM) and the uninoculated controls (CK, G, 5S, 10S) were not significant during the 60-d incubation period, whereas a small increase in Bp of the GM treatment was seen up to day 11. The amount of soil Bc in CKM, GM, 5SM and 10SM had increased but not greater than 20% compared to their corresponding uninoculated control. The amount of Olsen-P increased but not greater than 0.88 mg P·kg⁻¹ soil. The result illustrated that there were a few effects on soil P immobilization following inoculation with P. sp. in the soil, whereas organic amendments can significantly motivate the soil native microorganisms to immobilize phosphorus.     

蜀葵-胶质芽孢杆菌联合修复土壤镉污染

为探究胶质芽孢杆菌对蜀葵修复土壤Cd污染能力的影响,采用盆栽试验,以蜀葵为供试植物,研究了25 mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下施用3、6、9 g·kg^-1的胶质芽孢杆菌对蜀葵生物量、Cd积累量、根际土壤有效态Cd含量和根际土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:25mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下,施用6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌可显著提高蜀葵根、茎生物量(P<0.05),总生物量相比单一Cd处理提高了33.6%~73.2%;施用3、6、9 g·kg^-1的胶质芽孢杆菌,蜀葵整株Cd积累量是单一Cd处理的1.64、2.89、1.69倍,蜀葵根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别上升4.8%、13.1%和8.5%。25 mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下施用胶质芽孢杆菌后,蜀葵根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随施用浓度增加而升高,且处理间差异显著(P<0.05);脱氢酶活性在施用3 g·kg^-1和6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌下活性显著增强(P<0.05);多酚氧化酶活性随施用胶质芽孢杆菌浓度上升而持续减弱且变化显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,25 mg·kg^-1Cd处理下施用6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌可有效提高蜀葵修复土壤Cd污染的能力,蜀葵-胶质芽孢杆菌联合修复土壤Cd污染具有一定应用潜力。     

不同富营养化程度水体对枫杨幼苗的生长及抗氧化酶的影响

为探讨水体富营养化对枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)的胁迫作用,通过水培试验,研究一年生枫杨幼苗在总氮和总磷分别为2 mg·L~(-1)和0.4 mg·L~(-1)(轻度,记为C1);20 mg·L~(-1)和8 mg·L~(-1)(中轻度,记为C2);40 mg·L~(-1)和15 mg·L~(-1)(中度,记为C3);80 mg·L~(-1)和25 mg·L~(-1)(重度,记为C4)的模拟富营养化水体中的生长状况、根茎叶中TN、TP的含量,以及枫杨叶片中SOD和POD的活性。结果表明,富营养化水体处理的枫杨的株高、基径、生物量的值均大于对照处理的值;随着氮磷浓度的增加,枫杨幼苗叶中的TN和TP浓度均呈上升的趋势,且处理间差异显著(P0.05),而根和茎的氮磷浓度则呈现先上升后下降的趋势,C3处理中最大,分别为(根:16.49 g·kg~(-1),2.18 g·kg~(-1);茎:11.14 g·kg~(-1),1.27 g·kg~(-1))。不同氮磷水平处理的枫杨叶片中的SOD和POD活性存在一定的差异,其中C4处理的叶片SOD活性显著低于C1,C2和C3处理(P0.05),而POD的活性则表现为C3处理最高,达5214g·U~(-1),显著高于C1和C4处理(P0.05)。研究结果有利于了解枫杨在不同富营养化程度水体的生长状况,为深入探究枫杨在富营养化水体中的去污机理提供参考。     

Effects of different selenium sources and levels on serum biochemical parameters and tissue selenium retention in rats

A total of 54 femaleWistar rats were allotted to nine treatments by weight and fed basal diet or diets containing Se of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 mg·kg⁻¹ diet provided with either Se yeast or sodium selenite for 10 days. The results showed the following: (1) Selenium yeast had better effects compared with sodium selenite on increasing serum superoxide dismutase activities (P<0.05). Addition of Se yeast or sodium selenite increased the activities of serum gluthathione peroxidase (P<0.01); (2) According to slope ratio assay, the bioavailability of Se from Se yeast was 132.1%, 205.7%, 140.0%, and 107.2% of that from sodium selenite when glutathione peroxidase activities and Se contents in serum, kidney, and liver were used as indicators. It is concluded that Se from Se yeast has higher bioavailability than Se from sodium selenite.     

黄山松成熟胚培养与植株再生技术研究

以黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)成熟胚为试验材料,进行离体培养与植株再生条件的初步研究。结果表明,黄山松成熟胚外植体表面灭菌以75%的乙醇处理1 min,3%的次氯酸钠处理10 min为适宜;愈伤组织诱导培养基以MS + 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA为最佳;适宜的不定芽分化培养基为DCR + 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA;不定芽伸长以DCR + 0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA为适宜;生根培养基以1/2 DCR + 2.0 mg·L^-1 IBA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA为适宜。建立的植株再生体系为黄山松种质资源的保存、遗传改良及优质种苗繁殖等研究提供了参考。     

Response of lactating cows to supplemental rumen protected methionine and Niacin

Eight Chinese Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of rumen protected methionine (RPMet) and Niacin on milk yield and milk composition of lactating cows with 14 d adaptation and 6-d sampling periods. The cows were fed the control diet or the control diet plus RPMet (25 g·⁻¹), niacin (6 g·⁻¹), or RPMet (25 g·⁻¹) + niacin (6 g·⁻¹). The results showed that RPMet supplementation in the diet increased 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield (P < 0.05) and milk fat percentage (P < 0.05). However, supplemental RPMet had no effect on the solid non fat (SNF) (P > 0.05) and lactose percentage (P > 0.05). Dietary niacin supplementation increased milk yield (P < 0.05), milk protein percentage (P < 0.05) and lactose percentage (P < 0.05), but had no effect on milk fat percentage (P > 0.05) and SNF (P > 0.05). RPMet supplementation in the diet of lactating cows significantly decreased serum urea nitrogen (P < 0.01) and glucose contents (P < 0.05), but had no effects on nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), total cholesterol and triglyceride (P > 0.05). Niacin supplementation influenced the contents of glucose and NEFA in serum, but had no effects on the urea nitrogen, total cholesterol and triglyceride (P > 0.05).     

锑对土壤中秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性效应

为明确锑（Sb）对土壤无脊椎动物线虫的毒性效应及不同类型土壤中Sb的毒性差异,以生长量、生育率和繁殖力为评价终点,研究了3种土壤（西安垆土、鹰潭红壤、江门红壤）中外源Sb对模式生物——秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）的毒性效应。结果表明：基于西安垆土、鹰潭红壤、江门红壤的土壤总Sb含量推导得出的Sb对线虫生长毒性的EC₅₀ （半数效应浓度）分别为1 138、2 163、4 074 mg·kg^-1,对线虫生育毒性的EC₅₀分别为849、1 472、3 244 mg·kg^-1,对线虫繁殖毒性的EC₅₀分别为574、836、1 470 mg·kg^-1。通过毒性阈值可知,线虫的评价终点对Sb毒性的敏感性由高到低依次为繁殖、生育、生长。相关性分析表明,阳离子交换量、有机质含量和非晶质铁氧化物含量是影响土壤中Sb毒性的主要因素。基于有效态Sb含量推导得出的3种土壤中Sb的毒性阈值差异缩小,说明有效态Sb含量能够更好地解释不同土壤中Sb毒性的差异。