Ni-Mo多金属矿区土壤和农作物铬、钴污染及健康风险评价

为了阐明贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区土壤Cr、Co污染状况及该矿区土壤和农作物Cr、Co健康风险,采用ICP-MS分析矿区土壤和农作物Cr、Co含量,分别采用单因子指数法和健康风险模型评价了矿区土壤和农作物Cr、Co污染程度和健康风险水平。结果表明:(1)矿区旱地土、水稻土和森林土Cr平均含量分别为138mg·kg~(-1)、97.8 mg·kg~(-1)和114 mg·kg~(-1),Co平均含量分别为26.3 mg·kg~(-1)、20.9 mg·kg~(-1)和23.3 mg·kg~(-1),3种类型土壤Cr、Co含量均高于相应元素的贵州省土壤背景值。(2)6种农作物样品中,粮食类和蔬菜类Cr平均含量分别为7.32mg·kg~(-1)和6.23 mg·kg~(-1),分别为国家食品限量标准(谷物类1.0 mg·kg~(-1),蔬菜类0.5 mg·kg~(-1))的7.3倍和12.5倍,Co平均含量分别为0.076 mg·kg~(-1)和0.266 mg·kg~(-1),低于世界卫生组织给出的安全限值(0.48 mg·kg~(-1))。(3)单因子指数法评价结果表明,旱地土和森林土Cr污染程度主要为轻度污染,水稻土大部分样点未出现Cr污染。3种类型土壤Co污染程度主要为轻度污染,部分旱地土存在Cr、Co重污染。(4)健康风险模型评价结果表明,6种农作物中的Cr存在较高的非致癌风险,成人和儿童在3种暴露途径下Cr的总非致癌健康风险指数(HI)大于1(成人:2.18E+00;儿童:1.78E+00),存在一定非致癌风险,土壤Cr和Co的致癌健康风险指数(CR)和总致癌风险指数(TCR)均低于致癌风险阈值(1.0×10-6),致癌风险在可接受范围内。     

三种蔬菜对镍累积转运规律及食用安全研究

为了解三种蔬菜(黄瓜、豇豆、青椒)体内镍(Ni)累积转运规律及食用安全,采用盆栽实验研究了不同浓度Ni处理[原土(对照)、200、350、500、650、800 mg·kg~(-1)]对三种蔬菜生物量、体内分配特征及富集规律的影响。结果表明:(1)Ni对三种蔬菜生长的影响因蔬菜品种不同而不同。在试验浓度范围促进黄瓜的生长;低浓度Ni促进青椒和豇豆生长,当土壤中Ni浓度为650 mg·kg~(-1)时青椒和豇豆的生长受到抑制。(2)在所研究土壤Ni浓度条件下三种蔬菜各部位Ni含量分布不同,青椒和豇豆中根茎叶可食部分;黄瓜中茎叶根可食部分。三种蔬菜中Ni由根部向可食部位转运能力豇豆黄瓜青椒;根部向茎叶转运能力黄瓜豇豆青椒。(3)黄瓜、豇豆、青椒可食部分Ni累积量与土壤中Ni投加量呈显著正相关关系(r2分别为0.973、0.984、0.992,P0.05)。三种蔬菜可食部分Ni含量高于基于美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的Ni人体最大允许摄入量所推导的新鲜蔬菜中Ni的安全阈值(成人3.58mg·kg~(-1),儿童2.83 mg·kg~(-1))。Ni在豇豆中的富集能力高于黄瓜和青椒,更容易超过食品安全阈值,Ni污染土壤要避免种植豇豆。     

Research on Yucca schidigera extract feeding on the rumen ecology, protozoal populations and serum chemistries of sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated male sheep with body weights of (40 ± 2.1) kg were fed twice daily (8:00 and 16:00) with concentrate and forage (50:50 on dry matter (DM) basis). Dietary treatments were supplemented with intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) at the levels of 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg · kg⁻¹. On days of 15, 16 and 17 after feeding, ruminal content was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing (8:00), and blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (the days 18 and 19 after feeding). Results showed that the treatment groups’ acidity was not affected (P = 0.13) by YSE. Comparing to the control, the ruminal propionate concentration was increased by YSE addition in a dose-dependent manner by up to 29.8% (P < 0.05), and the acetic concentration was decreased by up to 17.5% (P < 0.05). The ruminal ammonia concentration 2 hours after feeding was higher (P < 0.05) in sheep fed without YSE (increased by 17.57 mg· 100 mL⁻¹) than those fed with YSE at 200 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.77 mg · 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃) and at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.50 mg· 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃). Protozoal populations in the rumen were lower (P < 0.05) with the YSE feeding dose at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ than the control. The serum chemistries were not different among treatments (P > 0.05) and were within the normal physiological ranges for sheep 19 days after feeding. The study indicated that 200 mg· kg⁻¹ and 300 mg· kg⁻¹ YSE groups had particular suppressing effects on ruminal ammonia concentration, ammonia-N concentrations and protozoal populations. The effect of YSE on ruminal fermentation could be attributed to the selective inhibitory effect on rumen microbial species. High level (300 mg · kg⁻¹) YSE as feed additives resulted no negative impact on sheep in our tests.     

亚硒酸盐/硒酸盐及相互作用对水稻吸收及转运硒的影响

采用分根装置及营养液水培方法研究了硒酸盐(Na2SeO4)和亚硒酸盐(Na2SeO3)及其在植物体内相互作用对水稻吸收及转运硒的影响,以及水稻根系对硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的吸收动力学。分根装置中水稻根系左右两侧都供给亚硒酸盐或硒酸盐时,水稻根系硒含量分别为117.8 mg·kg-1和9.85mg·kg-1,地上部硒含量分别为1.39mg·kg-1和6.14mg·kg-1,硒向植株地上部的转移系数分别为0.01和0.69;分根装置中右侧供给Na2SeO3的水稻根系硒含量为103.1 mg·kg-1,左侧供给Na2SeO4的水稻根系硒含量为18.9mg·kg-1,地上部硒含量为6.26 mg·kg-1,转移系数为0.10。亚硒酸盐的供给促进了水稻根系对硒酸盐的吸收,而硒酸盐对水稻吸收亚硒酸盐的影响不显著。吸收动力学结果显示,水稻根系对SeO2-3的最大吸收速率是SeO2-4的13倍,但是水稻根系对SeO2-3的亲和力低于对SeO2-4的亲和力。     

Influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on radish yield, nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency

Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown in plastic pots in a screenhouse to investigate the influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates (NFAR) on yield, nitrate content, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) at commercial mature stage. Five N-rate treatments, 0.644, 0.819, 0.995, 1.170, and 1.346 g·pot⁻¹, were set up in the screenhouse pot experiments, and nitrogen fertilizer (unlabeled N and ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer) was applied as basal dressing and topdressing, respectively. The results indicated that the fresh and dry weight yields of radish increased with the increase of NFAR at the range of 0.099 to 0.180 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, decreased at 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, and accordingly there was a significant quadratic relationship between the fresh and dry weight yields of radish and the NFAR. At the high addition of urea-N fertilizer, the nitrate content accumulated in the fleshy roots and leaves due to the decline in NR activity. From 0.644 to 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹ NR increased most rapidly, the highest NR activity occurred at 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹, and the lowest NR activity happened at 1.346 g N·pot⁻¹. Soluble sugar and ascorbic acid initially increased to the highest value and then decreased, and, contrarily, crude fiber rapidly decreased with the increase of NFAR. Total N uptake (TNU), N derived from fertilizer (N_dff), and N derived from soil (N_dfs) in radish increased, except that N_dfs relatively and slightly decreased at the rate of 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹soil. The ratio of Ndff to TNU increased, but the ratio of Ndfs to TNU as well as NRE of N fertilizer decreased with the increase of NFAR. Therefore, the appropriate NFAR should be preferably recommended for improving the yields and nutrition qualities of radish and NRE of N fertilizer. These authors contributed equally to this work     

Effects of folic acid supplementation on growth performance and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different folic acid supplemental levels on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets. There were 160 piglets with initially average bodyweight of 7.33 kg randomly assigned to diets containing five levels of folic acid: basal diets (C), 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 0.5), 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 2.5), 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 5.0), or 10.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 10.0). Blood samples were collected from a subset (n = 20; 4 pigs per treatment) of the piglets on day 0, 14, and 28. Liver samples were collected from the blood-taken piglets on day 28 of the experiment. Pigs fed basal diet supplemented with 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid grew faster (P<0.05) and consumed more feed (P<0.01) than groups of C, FS 5.0, and FS 10.0 during the last two weeks. Dietary treatment had no effect on F/G throughout the experiment. Pigs in the FS 2.5 group showed greater concentrations of Growth Hormone (GH) (P<0.05) and Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-1) (P<0.01) in serum than C and FS 10.0 on day 28. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FS 0.5, FS 2.5, and FS 5.0 had a greater abundance of the mRNA encoding 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase than C and FS 10.0 (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of folate binding protein in FS 0.5 and FS 2.5 were upregulated compared with pigs fed with basal diet (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that folate supplemental level of 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ significantly enhanced the growth performance of piglets. Folic acid had an impact on folate metabolism and the homocysteine concentrations. No folate supplementation or folate supplemental level of 10 mg·kg⁻¹ could not increase the growth performance to the greatest degree.     

潮棕壤速效磷产量临界值和淋溶临界值的计算

确定合理磷肥用量对取得高产、提高经济收益和保护环境都有重要意义,而明确土壤速效磷产量临界值与淋溶临界值是界定施肥量适宜与否的必要前提。本文基于下辽河平原长期定位试验,使用直线-平台、双直线和米氏模型计算土壤速效磷产量临界值,通过土柱淋溶试验确定土壤速效磷淋溶临界值。结果表明：该地区玉米和大豆的速效磷产量临界值分别为12.0 mg·kg^-1和10.8 mg·kg^-1;三个模型中以米氏模型计算的值最高,以直线-平台模型计算的值最低;通过6次淋溶试验,计算的土壤速效磷淋溶临界值在74.6 mg·kg^-1到82.0 mg·kg^-1之间,均值为80.2 mg·kg^-1。在农业生产中应将土壤速效磷控制在12.0～80.2 mg·kg^-1之间,可据此指导施肥,达到保证作物生长所需养分,并减少施肥对环境影响的目标。     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops. A complete protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration was developed from the leaves of four pear varieties grown in vitro: Abbe Fetel, Yali, Packham’s Triumph and Aikansui, and the Chinese rootstock variety Duli. Shoot explants were collected from the field and cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After four weeks, leaf explants of all 5 varieties grown in vitro were excised and cultured in MS media supplemented with 0.0 mg·L⁻¹, 0.2mg·L⁻¹, 0.5 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA or with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ). The cultures were maintained in darkness for 21 days for shoot induction in the shoot induction medium (IM), then transferred to the shoot expression medium (EM) in 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ without any auxins and kept in a growth room at (25±2)°C under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod regime for 8 weeks. Finally, the shoots were transferred to the MS shoot elongation medium (SEM) supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). A combination of TDZ and NAA had a significant effect on the number of shoot regenerations in all 5 tested varieties. The maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf obtained from Yali variety were 11.8 (P⩽0.001) and 22, followed by Aikansui with 6.6 (P⩽0.001) and 4.6, and Duli with 8 (P⩽0.001) and 12, all arising from the combination of 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ NAA with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ. For Packham’s Triumph and Abbe Fetel, the maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf were 5.6 (P⩽0.001), 4.8 and 8 (P⩽0.001), and 11, respectively, from the combination of NAA (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) and TDZ (2.0 mg·L⁻¹). Abbe Fetel was the only variety which produced significantly higher adventitious shoots from the two different combinations of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.05), and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.01). Some of the most prominent problems associated with shoot proliferation and regeneration were also observed and discussed in this paper.     

铁冬青幼苗对污染土壤中铅、镉的耐受、吸收和累积

【目的】研究铁冬青Ilex rotunda在铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）污染土壤上生长的耐受性及其对Pb、Cd的吸收累积能力,为Pb、Cd污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。【方法】通过盆栽试验探究单一Pb污染(500、1 000和1 500 mg·kg^-1)和单一Cd污染(10、25和50 mg·kg^-1)对铁冬青幼苗生长、根系形态、养分及Pb或Cd吸收累积的影响。【结果】与对照（无污染土壤）相比,500 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理显著增加铁冬青根生物量和根表面积,500和1 000 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理均显著增加地径和质量指数;1 500 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理显著降低铁冬青生物量、质量指数和全株N累积量,抑制根系生长,但显著提高根、地上部P含量和地上部K含量;Pb污染处理均显著增加铁冬青全株Pb含量以及根、全株Pb累积量,1 500 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理的铁冬青各部位及全株的Pb含量和累积量最大。与对照相比,单一Cd污染对铁冬青生长、根系形态、养分累积...     

Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental pollutant with a long biological half-life and can produce both hepatic and renal injuries in mammals and fish. Squid viscera meal (SVM), an effective attractant for aquatic animals, is widely used as an ingredient in aquafeeds. However, SVM is rich in Cd and its complexes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary SVM on the growth and Cd deposition in the tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. Three practical diets were formulated to contain a 0, 50 and 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM diet, correspondingly containing a 0.21, 7.26 and 12.08 mg Cd · kg⁻¹ diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 100 juveniles of large yellow croaker (mean initial weight, 9.75 ± 0.35 g) in floating sea cages (1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) to satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were no significant differences in fish survival among the three dietary treatments, but significant higher specific growth rates (SGR) were observed in the fish fed diets with 50 or 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM diet compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The cadmium concentrations in fish tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and gill) were significantly influenced by the dietary SVM. The cadmium concentrations in all tissues significantly increased with increasing dietary Cd levels (P < 0.05). In all the dietary treatments, the highest Cd level was always observed in the kidney, followed by the liver and the gill. Fish fed diets with 50 and 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM had significantly higher Cd accumulations in the kidney (2.65, 4.44 mg · kg⁻¹), liver (0.58, 0.93 mg · kg⁻¹) and gill (0.35, 0.53 mg · kg⁻¹) compared with the control group (0.42, 0.26 and 0.12 mg · kg⁻¹, respectively). The Cd level in fish muscle, however, was undetectable in all treatments. Therefore, based on these results, accumulation of Cd in edible tissue (muscle) of farmed large yellow croaker is not a food safety issue. However, long-term feeding of diets with SVM may result in accumulation of Cd in the kidney, liver and gills of fish.     

不同耕作模式下秸秆还田对潮土肥力特征的影响

2016—2017年通过田间试验对比研究夏玉米季不同耕作模式下秸秆还田对潮土肥力特征的影响。试验设置:免耕(NT)、免耕(NT)+秸秆还田(S)、翻耕(T)和翻耕(T)+秸秆还田(S)4个处理。结果表明,免耕、翻耕模式下,秸秆还田均显著增加了土壤碱解氮(+6.10 mg·kg~(-1)、+10.66 mg·kg~(-1))、有效磷(+2.76 mg·kg~(-1)、+6.53 mg·kg~(-1))、速效钾(+38.94 mg·kg~(-1)、+47.7 mg·kg~(-1))、有机质(+1.85 g·kg~(-1)、+0.80 g·kg~(-1))含量,及土壤孔隙度(+2.81%、+1.77%),降低了土壤容重(-5%、-3%),促进水稳定性大团聚体(0.25 mm)的形成。免耕、翻耕模式下的秸秆还田均有利于土壤肥力的提高,尤其在免耕模式下土壤容重、孔隙度、团聚体和有机质含量状况得到明显改善。翻耕对大团聚体有破碎作用,不利于有机质累积。     

贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区土壤Ni污染及农作物健康风险评价

为研究贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区采矿活动对周围土壤和农作物的影响,以小竹流水和团山堡矿点为研究区域,采集矿点周围表层土壤(旱地土和水稻土)和农作物样品共51个,分析其Ni含量特征,并分别采用地累积指数法和危险商法对土壤Ni污染程度和农作物Ni健康风险进行评价。结果显示:矿区旱地土和水稻土Ni平均含量分别为157.1 mg·kg~(-1)和197.0 mg·kg~(-1),两种类型土壤均具有高Ni含量特征;6种农作物(水稻、玉米、甘薯、白菜、辣椒和萝卜)样品Ni含量范围为0.36～59.97 mg·kg~(-1),除玉米外其余农作物平均含量均超过《食品卫生理化检验标准手册》收入的Ni标准限量。地累积指数法评价结果显示,矿区旱地土和水稻土均受到不同程度的Ni污染,污染程度主要为轻度污染至中度污染-重度污染,部分土壤达到重污染。农作物Ni健康风险指数表明,各农作物的Ni摄入量均小于暴露参考计量,对应的健康风险指数均小于1,表明单独食用其中一种农作物对成人和儿童造成的Ni健康风险较小。如果同时食用这6种农作物,成人和儿童的Ni健康风险指数均大于1,存在一定的健康风险。本研究的评价结果表明,矿区土壤中Ni受到牛蹄塘组底部黑色页岩风化及Ni-Mo矿开采的影响,存在一定程度的Ni污染,并对周围居民造成了一定的健康风险。     

Optimizing nitrogen levels combined with gibberellic acid for enhanced yield, photosynthetic attributes, enzyme activities, and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic-antibacterial herb that destroys malarial parasites, lowers fever, and checks bleeding, and from which the secondary compound of interest is artemisinin. It has become increasingly popular as an effective and safe alternative therapy against malaria, and its derivatives are effective against multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Nitrogen is required by the plants in the largest quantity and is most limiting where biomass production is desired. On the other hand, gibberellic acid plays an important role in flowering, growth, and development and also in other physiological and biochemical processes. The feasibility of foliar GA₃ (75 mg·L⁻¹) alone or with varying levels of soil applied nitrogen (40, 80, and 120 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) was tested on A. annua in the present study. The application of GA₃ proved effective in alleviating the growth, photosynthesis, and enzyme activities of A. annua. However, N levels combined with GA₃ showed better responses, and further improvement in these parameters was observed. Furthermore, the most important task we were interested in was to increase the artemisinin content and its yield on a per plant basis. The N combination (80 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) together with GA₃ augmented the content (21.8% more) and yield (55.8% more); this is true for both the treated plants, which were more than the control.     

Effects of different selenium sources and levels on serum biochemical parameters and tissue selenium retention in rats

A total of 54 femaleWistar rats were allotted to nine treatments by weight and fed basal diet or diets containing Se of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 mg·kg⁻¹ diet provided with either Se yeast or sodium selenite for 10 days. The results showed the following: (1) Selenium yeast had better effects compared with sodium selenite on increasing serum superoxide dismutase activities (P<0.05). Addition of Se yeast or sodium selenite increased the activities of serum gluthathione peroxidase (P<0.01); (2) According to slope ratio assay, the bioavailability of Se from Se yeast was 132.1%, 205.7%, 140.0%, and 107.2% of that from sodium selenite when glutathione peroxidase activities and Se contents in serum, kidney, and liver were used as indicators. It is concluded that Se from Se yeast has higher bioavailability than Se from sodium selenite.     

萝卜对土壤中全氟辛酸赋存形态影响及吸收特征

为探讨植物种植对土壤中全氟辛酸（Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA）赋存形态影响及吸收特征,以根系发达的萝卜为代表性植物,通过盆栽试验,探究了不同浓度PFOA污染土壤中萝卜的生长、对PFOA的吸收利用及土壤中PFOA形态分布的变化。结果表明：萝卜的种植会显著改变土壤中PFOA的赋存形态,且存在浓度差异。与无种植组相比,种植萝卜显著提高了低浓度土壤中的PFOA有机结合态比例（12%）、降低了残渣态比例（10.5%）;显著降低了高浓度土壤中PFOA的可脱附态比例（4.9%）。萝卜可从土壤中富集PFOA,且地上部（茎、叶）富集能力显著高于地下部。低浓度（0.2 mg·kg^-1）PFOA暴露显著降低萝卜生物量,但高浓度（5 mg·kg^-1）并未对生物量产生显著影响。研究表明,萝卜种植可以改变污染土壤中PFOA的形态分布,进而影响PFOA对人类健康及环境的潜在风险。     

海桐(Pittosporum tobira)对污染土壤中镉的耐受和吸收特征

通过盆栽实验研究了海桐对土壤中镉(Cd)的耐受和吸收特征。动态取样研究结果表明,当土壤中Cd含量为9.6 mg·kg-1时可对海桐生长产生促进作用,当Cd含量为24.6 mg·kg-1时对海桐产生抑制作用;海桐对污染土壤中Cd有一定吸收能力,吸收量随土壤中Cd含量增加而增加。培养154 d后,与对照处理(土壤Cd含量为3.6 mg·kg-1)相比,当土壤中Cd含量为9.6 mg·kg-1时,海桐根、茎、叶干重,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量及丙二醛含量没有明显变化;当Cd含量达到24.6 mg·kg-1时,海桐根、茎、叶干重分别降低了38.7%、5.2%和52.5%,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素含量分别是对照处理的71.3%、68.2%和75%,丙二醛含量为对照处理的1.52倍。研究表明,海桐可作为Cd污染土壤修复的备选植物,在修复土壤的同时改善环境景观。     

天津污灌区小麦和水稻重金属的含量及健康风险评价

以天津污灌区农作物和土壤为研究对象,采集污灌区内24 个小麦和 29 个水稻样品及其对应的土壤样品,清灌区内10 个小麦样品和 14 个水稻样品及相关的土壤样品,分别采用ICP-AES 和原子荧光分析样品中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As 和Hg含量,在此基础上分析评价污灌区土壤重金属污染情况以及污灌区小麦和水稻中重金属可能产生的健康风险。研究结果表明,长期污灌导致重金属在土壤中的聚集,土壤中Cd、Zn和Hg的含量分别为0.46、129.05、0.52 mg·kg^-1,超过天津土壤质量二级标准。污灌区小麦和水稻中Pb的平均含量分别为0.14、0.62 mg·kg^-1,高于国家食品安全限量标准,对人类健康产生风险,其他重金属元素在小麦和水稻中的平均含量未超过国家食品安全限量标准;水稻样品中Hg、As的平均含量稍高于国家食品安全限量标准。计算结果显示Cd和 Zn的转移因子值远高于其他元素,反映其具有更高的活动性,更容易从土壤转移到小麦和水稻子实中。目标风险指数(THQ)估算结果显示单一重金属的THQ值均低于1,表明当地居民对污灌区生长的水稻或小麦的消费基本不产生健康风险;小麦和水稻中As THQ值的和超过1,暗示在食用污灌区生长的水稻和小麦时As可对当地居民的健康产生风险。     

聚乙烯微塑料暴露对辣椒生长及产量的影响

为探讨微塑料对蔬菜作物生长及产量的影响,于2022年4—9月采用室内盆栽实验,研究聚乙烯微塑料(PE-MPs)在不同浓度下(0、50、500、2 500 mg·kg^-1)对辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)不同生长阶段(幼苗期、开花期与结果期)的生长状况、植株养分、光合色素含量与产量的影响。结果表明：幼苗期,PE-MPs增加了辣椒的根长、鲜质量及植株中碳含量,而对株高有抑制作用,在浓度为50 mg·kg^-1时亦抑制了光合色素的合成;开花期,PE-MPs对辣椒的根长与碳含量有促进作用,而减少了其株高、鲜质量及磷含量,在浓度为2 500 mg·kg^-1时则能促进光合色素的合成;结果期,PE-MPs对辣椒根长、碳含量及叶片类胡萝卜素含量有促进作用,对株高、鲜质量及磷含量有抑制作用;PE-MPs降低了辣椒产量,最多可使每株辣椒减产42.86%。由此可见,PE-MPs对辣椒根长与植株中碳含量有促进作用,但降低了株高与产量,对其生物量未见显著影响,鲜质量、光合色素含量与氮磷含量则与生长阶段和PE-MPs浓度有关。综上,PE...     

钝化剂对土壤镉铅有效性和微生物群落多样性影响

为研究海泡石和生物炭两种钝化剂对镉铅复合污染土壤修复效果及微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以南京某蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,研究海泡石和生物炭单施及配施条件下,土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落功能多样性、土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量的变化以及萝卜和小白菜两种作物对Cd、Pb富集的影响。结果表明:海泡石和生物炭单施、混施均显著促进土壤Cd、Pb由酸溶态向残渣态转化,降低Cd、Pb生物有效性。其中,2.5%海泡石处理Cd、Pb有效态含量降幅最大,与对照相比,种植萝卜和小白菜的土壤Cd、Pb含量分别降低71.88%～75.44%和81.21%～84.52%。生物炭对土壤微生物活性影响显著,2.5%生物炭处理微生物对碳源利用能力最强,但微生物群落功能多样性未显著增加。添加海泡石和生物炭均减轻了萝卜和小白菜可食部位对Cd、Pb的富集,2.5%海泡石和1.25%海泡石与1.25%生物炭配施处理,萝卜可食部位Cd和Pb含量均满足《食品安全国家标准》(GB 2762—2017),但小白菜可食部位Pb含量超出安全标准。研究表明,从土壤环境质量和作物安全角度考虑,一般采取海泡石和生物炭配施进行重金属Cd-Pb复合污染土壤的修复,而且在中度Cd-Pb污染的菜地土壤中优先考虑种植萝卜类蔬菜。     

应用RZWQM模型模拟华北玉米土壤剖面水氮迁移及淋溶特征

以河北石家庄大河实验站玉米-小麦轮作系统为研究对象,应用RZWQM模型对玉米季土壤剖面水分和硝态氮含量、硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发特征以及作物产量进行模拟,提出控制硝态氮淋溶的玉米施肥方案。设置冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期施氮量分别为575、400、215、0 kg·hm-24个处理,应用轮作周期施氮量为575 kg·hm-2处理玉米季土壤剖面含水量、硝态氮和产量数据进行模型参数率定,应用其他3个施肥处理进行模型参数的验证。结果表明:率定与验证过程中土壤剖面含水量均方根误差方差分别为0.003 6、0.010 6 cm3·cm-3,4个处理土壤剖面硝态氮RMSE分别为6.56、7.30、3.64、1.53mg·kg-1。在模型参数率定和验证的基础上,开展了RZWQM模型对轮作制度下玉米季土壤硝态氮淋溶和氮挥发的预测,虽然预测结果与实际值存在偏差,但在总体上RZWQM模型可以较好地模拟华北石家庄地区土壤剖面水氮的迁移转化,并且可为日后进一步准确预测和估算更大地区的土壤硝态氮淋溶提供一种便捷可靠的方法。