Effects of phosphate fertilizer and manure on Chinese cabbage yield and soil phosphorus accumulation

The yield response of Chinese cabbage to phosphate fertilizer and manure was studied. The effect of over-application of phosphate fertilizer and manure on plant total phosphorus content and phosphorus accumulation in soil was also investigated. The experiment was arranged in a plastic barrel in the field for two years. Application of phosphate fertilizer at the rates of 150–600 mg·kg⁻¹ gave a yield increase of 14.9%–21.5% of Chinese cabbage. Application of manure at the rates of 33.3–-133.2 g·kg⁻¹ gave a yield increase of 18.2%–25.9%of the crop. There was no significant difference of yield response at the rates of 150, 300 and 600 mg·kg⁻¹ phosphate fertilizer, and no significant yield response to the application of phosphate fertilizer after applying manure. The total P content in Chinese cabbage was increased gradually with the rate increase of phosphate fertilizer and manure. Phosphorus was absorbed luxuriously by the plant with over-application phosphate fertilizer and manure. The content of total-P, Olsen-P, water-soluble P, biological available P in the soil was increased with the rate of phosphate fertilizer and manure. Organic phosphorus in the soil was increased by the application of manure. Olsen-P had high correlations with water-soluble-P and biological available-P, but there was a poor relationship between Olsen-P and organic-P. __________ Translated from Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(10): 2147–2153 [译自: 中国农业科学]     

两种AMF对巨菌草根际土壤Cd生物可利用性以及Cd积累的影响

利用盆栽巨菌草(Pennisetum sp.)实验,研究了不同土壤镉(Cd)浓度(T0:空白;T1:5 mg·kg~(-1);T2:10 mg·kg~(-1);T3:15 mg·kg~(-1))条件下,接种两种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)[摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,Fm)和根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri)]后土壤中Cd的生物有效性、巨菌草生物量、巨菌草Cd积累量等的变化。结果表明:与不施加菌剂(CK)相比,接种AMF显著降低了土壤中Cd的生物可利用性,在5、10、15 mg·kg~(-1)处理下,接种Fm和Ri后可交换态Cd分别降低了18.65%、20.51%、6.53%和12.54%、16.64%、6.66%;在10、15 mg·kg~(-1)处理下,接种Fm和Ri,植物地上部分生物量分别增加了20.98%、36.94%和36.54%、43.88%,地下部分生物量增加了14.31%、21.79%和25.78%、12.83%。接种AMF显著提高了巨菌草对Cd的吸收能力,其中在5 mg·kg~(-1)处理下接种Ri,巨菌草的重金属富集系数(BCF)最高,达到0.77,由于植物地上、地下部分Cd的含量均增加,巨菌草的Cd转移系数(TF)并没有显著变化。     

潮棕壤速效磷产量临界值和淋溶临界值的计算

确定合理磷肥用量对取得高产、提高经济收益和保护环境都有重要意义,而明确土壤速效磷产量临界值与淋溶临界值是界定施肥量适宜与否的必要前提。本文基于下辽河平原长期定位试验,使用直线-平台、双直线和米氏模型计算土壤速效磷产量临界值,通过土柱淋溶试验确定土壤速效磷淋溶临界值。结果表明：该地区玉米和大豆的速效磷产量临界值分别为12.0 mg·kg^-1和10.8 mg·kg^-1;三个模型中以米氏模型计算的值最高,以直线-平台模型计算的值最低;通过6次淋溶试验,计算的土壤速效磷淋溶临界值在74.6 mg·kg^-1到82.0 mg·kg^-1之间,均值为80.2 mg·kg^-1。在农业生产中应将土壤速效磷控制在12.0～80.2 mg·kg^-1之间,可据此指导施肥,达到保证作物生长所需养分,并减少施肥对环境影响的目标。     

昆山市土壤养分现状与变化趋势研究

2009年对昆山市土壤养分进行检测,检测结果显示:有机质35.5 g·kg^-1,全氮2.22 g·kg^-1,碱解氮162 mg·kg^-1,有效磷15.1mg·kg^-1,速效钾115 mg·kg^-1,pH值6.0。与第二次土壤普查相比,有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量明显提高,pH值呈下降趋势。     

长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土磷平衡及农学阈值的影响

【目的】研究长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）的演变特征及土壤磷素的累积状况,分析土壤磷素累积与土壤有效磷的响应关系,明确Olsen-P的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,为西南黄壤地区科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥料长期定位试验为平台,选择试验中6个处理分别是不施肥（CK）、偏施氮钾肥（NK）、常量氮磷钾肥（NPK）、常量有机肥（M）、减1/2有机肥+减1/2氮磷钾肥（1/2 M +1/2 NPK）和常量有机肥+常量氮磷钾肥（MNPK）。分析西南黄壤性水稻土19年（1995-2013）土壤Olsen-P含量与植株吸磷量,研究土壤Olsen-P的变化规律及土壤累积磷盈亏状况,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应关系,明确西南黄壤性水稻土的农学阈值,并分析Olsen-P与施肥量之间的关系。【结果】长期施用磷肥处理可显著提高土壤Olsen-P含量,各施磷处理Olsen-P年增长速率在0.72-2.47 mg·kg^-1·a^-1,其中MNPK处理Olsen-P增长速率最大,NPK处理最小,主要与施肥量的高低有关;有机肥配施化学磷肥比单施化学磷肥和单施有机肥更能有效地促进作物对磷素的吸收;不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷处理土壤磷素盈余量为176-1 200 kg·hm^-2,其中MNPK处理磷素盈余量最高;土壤累积磷盈余量与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著线性相关,土壤中磷素每盈余100 kg·hm^-2,NPK、M、1/2M+1/2NPK、MNPK处理Olsen-P含量分别提高4.0、2.0、3.2和2.0 mg·kg^-1;土壤每年磷盈亏和Olsen-P含量与磷肥施用量呈极显著正相关关系,磷肥用量（纯P）17.4 kg·hm^-2时土壤磷盈亏呈持平状态,西南黄壤性水稻土Olsen-P的农学阈值为15.8 mg·kg^-1;对应的施肥量（纯P）为每年37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化,同时与磷素投入量密切相关,当磷肥用量（纯P）为17.4 kg·hm^-2·a^-1土壤磷素呈持平状态。当磷肥用量（纯P）为37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,可获得较高作物产量,磷肥当季利用率高,且磷素在土壤中累积较少。当磷肥用量（纯P）大于37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,作物产量对磷肥用量无响应,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加土壤磷素的流失风险。土壤中累积磷盈余量一定的情况下,西南黄壤性水稻土长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤Olsen-P的速率大于施用有机肥处理。     

施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和饱和度增加速率的影响

针对施用粪肥导致的我国集约化种养区域农田土壤磷素高量累积和高环境风险问题,利用长期定位试验定量分析了施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和磷饱和度(DPS,degree of P saturation)增加速率(每年1 kg P·hm~(-2)磷素盈余所导致的土壤磷素含量或DPS变化量)的影响。结果表明:连续22年过量磷素投入明显提高了土壤磷素含量和DPS,0~20 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余均存在明显的线性相关性。与单施化肥相比,施用粪肥对土壤全磷的累积速率影响不大,但是明显提高了土壤Olsen-P累积和DPS增加速率。施用粪肥下,每年1 kg P·hm~(-2)的磷盈余所导致的0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P、CaCl_2-P累积和DPS增加量分别为0.071 mg P·kg~(-1)(r=0.608,P=0.029)、0.003 mg P·kg~(-1)(r=0.528,P=0.066)和0.036%(r=0.863,P=0.002),分别为不施粪肥的3.3、6.0倍和1.2倍。土壤DPS变化与磷含量变化之间也存在明显的线性关系,0~20 cm土层土壤每年全磷、Olsen-P和CaCl_2-P含量增加1mg P·kg~(-1)所导致的土壤DPS增加值分别为0.13%、0.42%和7.78%。20~40 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余之间的线性相关性均较差,但与0~20 cm土层相比,施用粪肥和不施粪肥之间累积速率的差异性有增大的趋势,说明施用粪肥促进了磷素向下层土壤的移动。施用粪肥加速了土壤有效磷累积和DPS增加,进而提高了土壤中磷素损失风险,合理施用粪肥是控制集约化种养区域农田磷面源污染的关键。     

巨大芽孢杆菌与柠檬酸联合强化青葙修复镉污染土壤研究

为研究柠檬酸和巨大芽孢杆菌对青葙修复Cd污染土壤的影响,筛选最佳添加量以提高修复效率,采用盆栽试验,以正交方式研究了添加不同浓度的柠檬酸(Citric acid)(0、2.5、5、7.5 mmol·kg~(-1)和10 mmol·kg~(-1))和巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)(0、108、109cfu·kg~(-1)和1010cfu·kg~(-1))对青葙(Celosia argentea Linn)修复Cd污染土壤的强化作用。结果表明:与对照处理(无柠檬酸和巨大芽孢杆菌添加)相比,柠檬酸和巨大芽孢处理使青葙各部分生物量、Cd含量及Cd积累量均增加。其中,109cfu·kg~(-1)的巨大芽孢杆菌+5 mmol·kg~(-1)柠檬酸处理增加效果最显著,使青葙叶、茎、根及地上部的生物量分别比对照处理增加48.7%、43.3%、78.8%和45.6%;叶、茎及根中的Cd含量较对照处理分别增加75.8%、76.3%和74.6%;地上部Cd积累量增加159%。该处理的青葙地上部Cd积累量为1.03 mg·pot-1,Cd去除率高达21.0%。因此,添加柠檬酸和巨大芽孢杆菌浓度为5 mmol·kg~(-1)和109cfu·kg~(-1)的处理最有利于提高青葙对Cd污染土壤的修复效率。     

Accumulation and distribution of selenium in some vegetable crops grown in selenate-Se treated clay loam soil

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the accumulation of selenium by some vegetable crops commonly grown in the Indian Punjab. Eleven vegetable crops were raised in an alkaline clay loam soil treated with different levels of selenate-Se, i.e., 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ soil. Dry matter yield of both edible and inedible portions of different vegetable crops decreased with increasing Se level in soil except potato (Solanum tuberosum), radish (Raphanus sativus) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) which recorded 10%–21% increase in inedible dry matter at 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil. Application of 5 mg·kg⁻¹ selenate-Se soil resulted in complete mortality in the case of radish, turnip (Brassica rapa) and brinjal (Solanum melongena). Some vegetable crops including tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), cauliflower and pea (Pisum sativum), though, survived the toxic effect at the highest concentration of Se yet did not bear any fruit. Potato and spinach (Spinacea oleracea) proved to be highly tolerant crops. Selenium concentration in the edible as well as inedible portions of all the vegetables increased with an increase in the level of applied Se. Selenium accumulation in the edible portion of vegetable crops in the no-Se control ranged from 2.2 to 4.9 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight. At 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil, the edible portion of radish accumulated the greatest concentration of Se (38 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight) with that of onion (Allium cepa) bulb the lowest (9 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight). Inedible portions of vegetables accumulated Se 2–5 times more than that absorbed by edible portions. Total Se uptake by edible portions of different vegetables was the greatest at 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil, ranging from 7 to 485 μg·pot⁻¹. The results suggest that vegetable crops vary in their sensitivity to the presence of selenate-Se in soil. Vegetative portions were several times richer in Se than other parts of vegetable crops.     

典型双季稻田施磷流失风险及阈值研究

通过3年(2011—2013年)的双季稻田间小区试验,探明了不同施磷量对双季稻产量、土壤磷素积累、磷素流失风险的影响,并确定了土壤收支平衡的施磷阈值。研究结果表明:连续3年不同施磷量处理水稻早、晚季产量为5474~5552 kg·hm~(-2)和7096~7521 kg·hm~(-2),过量施用磷肥对水稻产量无显著增产效果,反而有减产的风险。施用磷肥后,土壤Olsen-P含量显著提高。田面水TP平均浓度与土壤中Olsen-P呈显著正相关关系;施磷后田面水磷素动态能用指数模型(Y=C_0·e~(k/t),k0)拟合,即随着磷肥施用量增加,田面水磷素流失风险增加。结合水稻产量效应、土壤磷素表观平衡和磷素环境风险,推荐研究区域早、晚稻施磷阈值分别为(48.53±7.07)kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)和(56.87±7.90)kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)。     

木炭施用对镉污染土壤小白菜生长及镉吸收的影响

以镉污染土壤和小白菜为供试对象,采用盆栽试验,研究了木炭在用量分别为5、10、25、50 g·kg~(-1)水平时对土壤理化性质、小白菜生长及吸收镉的影响。结果表明,木炭的施入可改善土壤理化性质,当施用量≥25 g·kg~(-1)时能显著提高土壤pH值;与对照相比,添加木炭的各处理土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量和有效磷含量等指标均显著增加,土壤速效钾含量在木炭用量为25 g·kg~(-1)时达最大,达显著水平(P0.05)。木炭的施用还促进了小白菜生长,使其地上部生物量、叶绿素含量和根部生物量均呈增加趋势。同时,木炭的添加降低了土壤镉有效性,减少了小白菜对镉的吸收。与对照相比,在木炭用量为5~50 g·kg~(-1)范围内,土壤Ca Cl2提取态镉含量、小白菜地上部镉含量和小白菜根部镉含量的降幅分别为5.05%~20.57%、6.08%~35.98%和5.13%~31.50%,小白菜各部位对镉的富集随处理水平呈递减趋势。研究表明添加适当比例的木炭可以抑制蔬菜对镉的吸收,并改良土壤。     

三聚磷酸钠与柠檬酸复合强化蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤

为研究化学活化剂三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用对蜈蚣草萃取砷效率的影响,通过模拟实验,在含砷57.7 mg·kg^-1的水稻土中,探究了单一活化剂（三聚磷酸钠0.75 g·kg^-1土,柠檬酸0.75 g·kg^-1土）和三聚磷酸钠与柠檬酸配合施用（三聚磷酸钠：柠檬酸=0.375 g·kg^-1土：0.375 g·kg^-1土）对土壤有效态砷含量变化的影响;采用盆栽实验,探究了三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用（三聚磷酸钠：柠檬酸=0.187 5 g·kg^-1土：0.187 5 g·kg^-1土）对蜈蚣草地上部萃取土壤砷的影响。模拟实验结果表明,与单一活化剂相比,三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用对土壤砷的活化效果更显著。盆栽实验结果表明：与对照组相比,三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用可使蜈蚣草羽叶干质量提高21.8%以上,砷萃取总量提高40.4%以上;根际土总砷含量下降,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性显著增加。研究表明在砷污染土壤施加三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸,由于其提高了蜈蚣草植物干质量和土壤有效态砷含量,羽叶萃取砷效率明显提高。     

Effects of folic acid supplementation on growth performance and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different folic acid supplemental levels on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets. There were 160 piglets with initially average bodyweight of 7.33 kg randomly assigned to diets containing five levels of folic acid: basal diets (C), 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 0.5), 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 2.5), 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 5.0), or 10.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 10.0). Blood samples were collected from a subset (n = 20; 4 pigs per treatment) of the piglets on day 0, 14, and 28. Liver samples were collected from the blood-taken piglets on day 28 of the experiment. Pigs fed basal diet supplemented with 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid grew faster (P<0.05) and consumed more feed (P<0.01) than groups of C, FS 5.0, and FS 10.0 during the last two weeks. Dietary treatment had no effect on F/G throughout the experiment. Pigs in the FS 2.5 group showed greater concentrations of Growth Hormone (GH) (P<0.05) and Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-1) (P<0.01) in serum than C and FS 10.0 on day 28. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FS 0.5, FS 2.5, and FS 5.0 had a greater abundance of the mRNA encoding 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase than C and FS 10.0 (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of folate binding protein in FS 0.5 and FS 2.5 were upregulated compared with pigs fed with basal diet (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that folate supplemental level of 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ significantly enhanced the growth performance of piglets. Folic acid had an impact on folate metabolism and the homocysteine concentrations. No folate supplementation or folate supplemental level of 10 mg·kg⁻¹ could not increase the growth performance to the greatest degree.     

螯合剂对龙葵修复成都平原Cd污染土壤的影响

在成都平原绵竹地区选取两种污染程度和酸碱性程度不同的土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了两种螯合剂(柠檬酸和EDTA)对龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)修复Cd污染土壤和改变土壤pH的影响。结果表明:随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,Cd含量为1.29 mg·kg~(-1)的高污染土壤(MZT-01)上的植株的生物量均有下降趋势;Cd含量为0.89 mg·kg~(-1)的低污染土壤(MZT-02)上的植株的生物量则有明显的上升趋势,并在5 mmol·kg~(-1)时达到最大。在柠檬酸为5 mmol·kg~(-1)时,龙葵在两种土壤中Cd胁迫下的含量、吸收总量和富集系数均达到最大,植物修复效果最好;浓度为1 mmol·kg~(-1)的EDTA对龙葵产生了毒害作用,吸收效果低于对照组。螯合剂对中性土壤pH影响较大,pH值从6.35降到5.57,而对酸性土壤基本没有影响。     

生物炭与氮肥配施对高粱生长及镉吸收的影响

为探讨生物炭与氮肥配施对高粱生长及镉(Cd)吸收的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了在中、轻度Cd污染土壤(以YB1、YB2表示)上分别进行0、2%和5%3个生物炭用量(以B0、B2、B5表示)配施0、200、500 mg·kg~(-1)3个施氮水平(以N0、N200、N500表示)对土壤理化性质、有效Cd含量、高粱光合特性及其Cd吸收的影响。结果表明:两种土壤上,增加生物炭用量能提高土壤pH和有机质含量,并在5%添加量时显著降低土壤CaCl_2-Cd含量;氮肥水平仅在YB1土壤上显著影响土壤CaCl_2-Cd含量。YB1土壤上,氮肥水平对高粱净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率有显著影响,均有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;而高粱地上部Cd含量与CaCl_2-Cd含量显著正相关,在B5N0处理中最低(3.87 mg·kg~(-1)),B0N200处理中最高(6.79 mg·kg~(-1))。YB2土壤上,生物炭用量对高粱净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率均有极显著影响,气孔导度和蒸腾速率有随生物炭用量增加而降低的趋势;高粱地上部Cd含量与气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著正相关,与生物量显著负相关,在B2N500处理中最低(3.79 mg·kg~(-1)),B0N0处理中最高(5.32 mg·kg~(-1))。研究表明,生物炭与氮肥配施能影响土壤理化性质、高粱光合特性和生长等因素,进而影响高粱地上部对Cd的吸收,不同土壤条件下影响高粱地上部Cd吸收的主要因素存在差异。     

Effect of various dietary vitamin A levels on growth performance and immune response of tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>)

Six purified vitamin-free casein-based diets were formulated to contain six levels vitamin A at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 IU·kg⁻¹, respectively. Tilapias (initial mean weight: 7.73±0.03 g) were fed the diets in quadruplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 10 weeks. No differences in mortality, weight gain, or feed efficiency ratio (FER) were observed among the groups. Liver vitamin A levels reflected dietary vitamin A levels. Immune parameters, such as hemoglobin levels, total cell count, red blood cell count, total serum protein, and serum lysozyme activity, did not vary with the dietary vitamin A levels. White blood cell counts of fish in 2000 IU·kg⁻¹ diet groups were significantly higher than that in other diets groups. Serum complement activities of fish in 2000 and 4000 IU·kg⁻¹ vitamin A diet groups were also higher than those in other diet groups. After the 14-d challenge test, the mortality and antibody titer were similar among the treatments. The results indicated that dietary vitamin A inclusions did not affect the immune response of Oreochromis niloticus.     

施用粪肥和沼液对设施菜田土壤磷素累积与迁移的影响

针对有机蔬菜生产普遍施用粪肥和沼液的现状,利用多年田间定位试验,研究基施不同数量粪肥(CM1:30 t·hm-2;CM2:60t·hm-2;CM3:90 t·hm-2)和追施相同量沼液对有机设施蔬菜产量、土壤磷素累积及其移动性的影响。结果表明,2011—2014年不施粪肥单施沼液处理中(CK:0 t·hm-2粪肥)累积磷素盈余量为290 kg P·hm-2,0~30 cm土层土壤中Olsen-P和磷饱和度(DPS)均超过了磷素淋失的环境阈值。粪肥配施沼液处理显著增加了磷素盈余和磷素在土壤中的累积,试验期间2011—2014年累积磷素盈余量为不施粪肥单施沼液处理的6~22倍。随着粪肥施用量的增加,土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Ca Cl2-P、Mehlich3-P和DPS均迅速增加,当粪肥用量达到60 t·hm-2时,显著增加了0~60 cm土层土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Ca Cl2-P、Mehlich3-P含量和DPS,大量粪肥施用并配施沼液处理使表层土壤DPS接近或达到100%。有机蔬菜生产中盲目大量施用粪肥和沼液,显著增加了土壤磷素累积和淋失风险,4年连续每茬90 t·hm-2粪肥施用并配施沼液处理导致磷素在土壤剖面的迁移到达90 cm土层。与不施粪肥单施沼液处理相比,粪肥配施沼液显著提高了作物产量,但是较多量粪肥投入并没有继续增加作物产量,而显著增加了磷素淋失风险。因此,在有机蔬菜生产中推荐施用不超过30 t·hm-2粪肥并配施沼液模式。     

Research on Yucca schidigera extract feeding on the rumen ecology, protozoal populations and serum chemistries of sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated male sheep with body weights of (40 ± 2.1) kg were fed twice daily (8:00 and 16:00) with concentrate and forage (50:50 on dry matter (DM) basis). Dietary treatments were supplemented with intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) at the levels of 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg · kg⁻¹. On days of 15, 16 and 17 after feeding, ruminal content was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing (8:00), and blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (the days 18 and 19 after feeding). Results showed that the treatment groups’ acidity was not affected (P = 0.13) by YSE. Comparing to the control, the ruminal propionate concentration was increased by YSE addition in a dose-dependent manner by up to 29.8% (P < 0.05), and the acetic concentration was decreased by up to 17.5% (P < 0.05). The ruminal ammonia concentration 2 hours after feeding was higher (P < 0.05) in sheep fed without YSE (increased by 17.57 mg· 100 mL⁻¹) than those fed with YSE at 200 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.77 mg · 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃) and at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.50 mg· 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃). Protozoal populations in the rumen were lower (P < 0.05) with the YSE feeding dose at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ than the control. The serum chemistries were not different among treatments (P > 0.05) and were within the normal physiological ranges for sheep 19 days after feeding. The study indicated that 200 mg· kg⁻¹ and 300 mg· kg⁻¹ YSE groups had particular suppressing effects on ruminal ammonia concentration, ammonia-N concentrations and protozoal populations. The effect of YSE on ruminal fermentation could be attributed to the selective inhibitory effect on rumen microbial species. High level (300 mg · kg⁻¹) YSE as feed additives resulted no negative impact on sheep in our tests.     

Influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on radish yield, nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency

Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown in plastic pots in a screenhouse to investigate the influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates (NFAR) on yield, nitrate content, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) at commercial mature stage. Five N-rate treatments, 0.644, 0.819, 0.995, 1.170, and 1.346 g·pot⁻¹, were set up in the screenhouse pot experiments, and nitrogen fertilizer (unlabeled N and ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer) was applied as basal dressing and topdressing, respectively. The results indicated that the fresh and dry weight yields of radish increased with the increase of NFAR at the range of 0.099 to 0.180 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, decreased at 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, and accordingly there was a significant quadratic relationship between the fresh and dry weight yields of radish and the NFAR. At the high addition of urea-N fertilizer, the nitrate content accumulated in the fleshy roots and leaves due to the decline in NR activity. From 0.644 to 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹ NR increased most rapidly, the highest NR activity occurred at 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹, and the lowest NR activity happened at 1.346 g N·pot⁻¹. Soluble sugar and ascorbic acid initially increased to the highest value and then decreased, and, contrarily, crude fiber rapidly decreased with the increase of NFAR. Total N uptake (TNU), N derived from fertilizer (N_dff), and N derived from soil (N_dfs) in radish increased, except that N_dfs relatively and slightly decreased at the rate of 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹soil. The ratio of Ndff to TNU increased, but the ratio of Ndfs to TNU as well as NRE of N fertilizer decreased with the increase of NFAR. Therefore, the appropriate NFAR should be preferably recommended for improving the yields and nutrition qualities of radish and NRE of N fertilizer. These authors contributed equally to this work     

离子强度和腐植酸对高岭土协同磺胺二甲基嘧啶迁移的影响

为探讨土壤环境条件对粘土矿物协同磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)迁移的影响,选取高岭土胶体与SM2作为主要实验材料,通过土柱淋溶实验,研究了高岭土与SM2共同迁移的相互影响,不同离子强度下高岭土协同SM2迁移情况以及高离子强度下腐植酸对高岭土协同SM2迁移的影响。研究结果显示:当离子强度为0.1 mmol·L-1时,高岭土悬浊液加入0.25 mg·L-1SM2后,高岭土胶体的穿透曲线峰值从76%降为70%,表明SM2对高岭土迁移影响很小,略有抑制;SM2悬浊液加入高岭土后,SM2穿透曲线峰值从5.4%增大到50%,表明高岭土可以显著促进SM2的迁移;随着溶液离子强度增强,高岭土的穿透曲线峰值依次为70%(离子强度0.1 mmol·L-1)、27%(1 mmol·L-1)、3%(10 mmol·L-1),SM2的穿透峰值依次为50%(离子强度0.1 mmol·L-1)、48%(1 mmol·L-1)、17%(10 mmol·L-1),表明随着溶液离子强度增强,高岭土迁移量及高岭土协同SM2迁移量显著降低;当溶液离子强度为10 mmol·L-1时,加入8 mg·L-1腐植酸后,高岭土的穿透曲线峰值从3%增长至57%,SM2的穿透曲线峰值从17%增长至50%,表明当溶液离子强度较高时腐植酸可以促进高岭土协同SM2迁移。     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.