焦作市棉花施肥模型及优化决策研究

为研究探讨焦作市棉花优化配方施肥量,采用"3414"最优回归设计田间试验测得的数据,建立了以籽棉产量为目标函数的N、P、K三元二次回归模型与NP、NK、PK的二元二次回归模型,及N、P、K单因数效应模型,通过模拟选优因素取值的频率分析,决选出各自模型的优化施肥量及产量期望,最后通过3类7种模型提供的施肥决策和相应的籽棉产量的经济效益分析比较,筛选出PK二元二次回归模型(N固定于"2"水平),即施N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5168.08 kg/hm2、K2O 146.2 kg/hm2,既可获得较高的产量,又能获取产投比69.7的最大经济效益,可作为焦作市麦套春棉的推荐施肥量。     

玉门市绿洲平原生态区小麦测土配方施肥试验

通过"3414"完全设计方案,建立了玉门市绿洲平原生态区小麦产量与氮磷钾肥的关系模型,得出小麦最大施肥量为N 322.5 kg/hm~2、P2O5108.0 kg/hm~2、K2O 139.5 kg/hm~2,此条件下小麦产量最高,为8 299.5 kg/hm~2。最佳施肥量为N 225.0 kg/hm~2、P2O5157.5 kg/hm~2、K2O 43.5 kg/hm~2,此条件下小麦产量7 854.0 kg/hm~2。3个施肥因子与产量表现为正效应,主次效应顺序是NP2O5K2O。     

华亭县冬小麦“3414”肥效试验初报

采用"3414"最优回归设计方案,建立了华亭县安口镇大坪村冬小麦产量(Y)与氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)之间的回归方程。得出最大施肥量为N 196.83 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 152.09 kg/hm~2、K_2O 20.52 kg/hm~2,此时小麦产量可达4 834.31 kg/hm~2,最佳施肥量为N 165.00 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 114.58 kg/hm~2、K_2O 38.70 kg/hm~2,此时小麦产量可达4 763.59kg/hm~2。     

"3414"肥效试验对慈姑产量及经济效益的影响

[目的]筛选最佳施肥配方,为慈姑生产专用肥的研究奠定基础。[方法]采用"3414"方案设计,测定每个施肥处理的慈姑产量;研究N、P、K不同施肥处理对慈姑产量和经济效益的影响;采用一元二次肥料效应模型得出慈姑最佳施肥量配比。[结果]N、P、K对慈姑产量有较大影响,N_2P_2K_3处理的肥料配施比例最佳,产量为18 397.80 kg/hm~2,增产率104.77%,净增收入80 317.35元/hm~2。氮肥对慈姑产量的影响最大,钾肥其次,磷肥最小。[结论]慈姑最高产量的施肥量为:N 446.70 kg/hm~2、P2O568.10 kg/hm~2、K2O534.90 kg/hm~2,慈姑最高产量为18 612.75 kg/hm~2。最佳经济产量的施肥量为:N 420.60 kg/hm~2、P2O570.50 kg/hm~2、K_2O_492.15 kg/hm~2,最佳产量为18 579.00 kg/hm~2。     

涡阳县化肥减量施用对小麦产量和效益的影响

为涡阳小麦化肥减量施用提供依据,设置田间试验比较了氮磷钾肥减量施用对小麦产量和效益的影响。结果表明:每hm~2施N 294.0kg、P2O5105.0kg、K_2O 60.0kg时的小麦产量和收入最高,达8 050.05kg/hm~2和16 736.7元/hm~2,较产量和收入最低的每hm~2施N 181.5kg、P_2O_578.75kg、K_2O78.75kg时分别增加1 300.05kg/hm~2和2 563.35元/hm~2。     

N、P、K混合施用对玉米产量影响试验

在玉米测土配方施肥过程中,运用"3414"田间试验,研究N、P、K混合施用对当地玉米产量的影响。结果表明,处理6为最佳施肥水平,即施纯N、P_2O_5、K_2O的混合比为10∶2∶5;玉米单位面积产量与N、P、K施用量之间具有显著的回归关系,玉米最大施肥量是施纯N 586.5 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5301.5 kg/hm~2、K_2O 165 kg/hm~2,最大产量为11 011.5 kg/hm~2,玉米最佳施肥量是施纯N312 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5147 kg/hm~2、K_2O 121.5 kg/hm~2,最高产量为9 960 kg/hm~2。本研究可为建立当地玉米施肥指标体系提供依据。     

“3414”肥效试验对慈姑产量及经济效益的影响（英文）

[目的]筛选最佳施肥配方,为慈姑生产专用肥的研究奠定基础。[方法]采用"3414"方案设计,测定每个施肥处理的慈姑产量;研究N、P、K不同施肥处理对慈姑产量和经济效益的影响;采用一元二次肥料效应模型得出慈姑最佳施肥量配比。[结果]N、P、K对慈姑产量有较大影响,N2P2K3处理的肥料配施比例最佳,产量为18 397.80 kg/hm~2,增产率104.77%,净增收入80 317.35元/hm~2。氮肥对慈姑产量的影响最大,钾肥其次,磷肥最小。[结论]慈姑最高产量的施肥量为:N 446.70 kg/hm~2、P2O568.10kg/hm~2、K2O534.90 kg/hm~2,慈姑最高产量为18612.75 kg/hm~2。最佳经济产量的施肥量为:N420.60 kg/hm~2、P2O570.50 kg/hm~2、K2O492.15kg/hm~2,最佳产量为18 579.00 kg/hm~2。     

干旱区鹰嘴豆的氮磷钾肥最优施用量

以科鹰1号鹰嘴豆为材料,采用"3414"最优回归设计研究氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)不同施肥水平对鹰嘴豆经济性状、产量、经济效益的影响,并拟合三元二次、一元二次肥效模型,确定鹰嘴豆的合理施肥量。结果表明,鹰嘴豆株高、有效荚数随氮、磷、钾用量的增加多呈"Λ"形趋势变化;氮、磷、钾用量对鹰嘴豆单株粒数、百粒质量没有明显影响;施N 187.50 kg/hm~2可使鹰嘴豆较不施肥增产1 240.50 kg/hm~2,纯收入增加9 847.50元/hm~2,施P_2O_5 138.0 kg/hm~2可使鹰嘴豆增产1 180.50 kg/hm~2,纯收入增加9 502.50元/hm~2,施K_2O 90.0 kg/hm~2可使鹰嘴豆增产865.50 kg/hm~2,纯收入增加7 023.00元/hm~2,施磷综合效果相对最好,氮肥次之;鹰嘴豆获得最高产量时N、P_2O_5、K_2O最佳推荐用量分别为179.33、121.36、76.39 kg/hm~2,获得最佳经济产量时N、P_2O_5、K_2O推荐用量分别为172.25、118.03、74.32 kg/hm~2。     

芹菜施钾效应研究

通过对不同供钾能力的土壤上芹菜施钾肥的田间试验效应分析,结果表明：在耕层速效K含量低的土壤上,芹菜N、P、K配合施用比N、P配合施用增产23．64%。芹菜产量随K素用量增加而增加,但单位K素增产效果则随K素用量增加而递减。经回归统计分析,K素经济效益最佳施肥量为119．95kg/hm~2时,芹菜理论产量为90．17t/hm~2,收入5．41×10~4元/hm~2,K肥成本299．87元/hm~2,收益5．38×10~4元/hm~2；在其它条件基本相同情况下,土壤速效K含量114．38mg/kg时,每公斤K_2O增产芹菜产品104．17kg；而土壤速效K含量167．45mg/kg时,每公斤K_2O增产芹菜产品30．42kg。不同处理间差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

新乡市东部地区花生氮磷钾“3414”设计施肥效应的研究

通过氮、磷、钾“3414”田间试验,建立以花生产量为目标函数的三元二次、二元二次及一元二次3类函数7种肥力效应模型,并对其提供的施肥决策及产量期望进行经济效益分析.结果表明,以NP二元二次回归模型提供的施肥决策产投比最高(20.55),且花生荚果产量期望较高(4586.16kg/km2),即在固定施K2O 60 kg/...     

穴盘规格和苗龄对塑料大棚菜豆性状及产量的影响

本试验以菜豆品种先行者为试材,采用32孔、50孔两种规格穴盘,设置10、15、20、25 d等4个苗龄段,通过研究不同穴盘规格和苗龄对菜豆性状及产量的影响,筛选出适合菜豆育苗的穴盘规格和适宜的苗龄。结果表明：穴盘育苗的营养面积增大,菜豆产量随之增加,25 d苗龄条件下,32孔穴盘的前期产量和总产量均显著高于50孔穴盘;随着苗龄的增长,菜豆的前期产量和总产量呈增加趋势,其中25 d苗龄的产量显著高于其他苗龄。综合上述各项指标,菜豆育苗阶段,10 d苗龄可选用32孔、50孔穴盘,15 d以上秧苗选用32孔穴盘为宜。     

不同基因型小麦苗期耐低氮性评价及筛选

氮素作为重要的营养元素,限制着小麦的生长发育和经济产量,筛选和培育耐低氮小麦品种是提高氮素利用率、降低生产成本的有效途径。以118份不同基因型小麦为材料,在低氮(0.1 mmol·L^-1)和正常氮(5 mmol·L^-1)条件下苗期水培,测定根干重、茎叶干重、根冠比、植株干重、最大根长、初生根数和二级初生根数等相关指标,采用模糊隶属函数法、主成分分析以及聚类分析法综合评价小麦品种的耐低氮性。结果表明,在低氮胁迫下小麦幼苗的根干重、根冠比和初生根数目显著提高,茎叶干重、植株干重和最大根长不同程度的降低,7个苗期性状指标在两个氮水平下均存在显著性差异。主成分分析提取3个主成分,贡献率分别为 43.575%、22.904%和17.873%,累积贡献率达 84.351%。以耐低氮性综合评价D值进行聚类分析,将118份小麦品种划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出3份耐低氮型小麦（齐大195、金丰7183和天民198）和2份强耐低氮型小麦（山农0917和鲁麦8号）。不同小麦品种的耐低氮机制不同,研究结果为小麦耐低氮品种的选育提供理论依据和材料基础。     

一串红N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe缺素症状研究

以‘展望红’为材料,研究N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe缺乏对其生长发育的影响,并总结缺素症状,研究结果表明:N缺乏时植株矮小,叶发黄;P缺乏时叶色暗绿,且影响开花;K缺乏时基部叶枯黄,并易落叶;缺Fe症状较为明显,但能正常开花;Ca、Mg未表现出缺素症状,且各项指标要优于全素处理;N、P显著影响一串红的生长发育,K对开花品质的影响较大。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

ICP-OES法同时测定果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡含量

果蔬样品经混酸消化后,控制一定的酸度,定容后应用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡六种有害重金属进行测定,研究了分析测定条件,方法简单快速。测定结果表明,五种元素的加标平均回收率在91.0%~107%之间。其RSD均小于3.5%。按该方法进行处理及测定铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡,在选择的测定条件下最低检出限分别为0.0006 mg/kg、0.0003 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.00005 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.0006 mg/kg。     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.