高产优质抗病粳稻合系30号的选育及特性研究

 用优质、稻瘟病田间抗性强的日本品种轰早生作母本,分蘖力强、繁茂性好、抗稻瘟病的云南楚雄州农科所育成品种楚粳4号作父本进行杂交,从F₃代系统开始,同时进行高产、品质、稻瘟病抗性、耐冷性同步鉴定,作为选拔的科学依据,经5年7代选育,育成了优质、高产、抗病的新品种合系30号。     

粳稻新品种合系34号的选育及其特性

以具有高抗稻瘟病新基因的云系２号为母本，高产感稻瘟病的滇榆１号作父本进行杂交。从集团个体选拔开始，每年都对供试系统进行高产，品质，抗病，耐冷四特性同步鉴定，作为选拔的科学依据。与此同时，对合系３４号的丰产性，适应性，抗病性，耐寒性进行研究，并提出了相应的栽培措施。     

大豆品种资源及杂种F2和F3种子萌发期耐冷性鉴定

１９８７～１９９０年，对６０份东北春大豆品种资源及以不同耐冷性亲本配制的六种组合方式的杂种Ｆ２、Ｆ３进行种子萌发期耐冷性鉴定。结果表明，大豆不同品种资源间种子萌发期耐冷性差异显著，鉴定出哈８３－３３３１，合交８３－１６９８，合丰２７号，合辐８４－４８０、绥８２－２０３、内豆１号等耐冷性强的材料，不同耐冷性亲本组合的杂种Ｆ２、Ｆ３种子萌发期耐冷性也有显著的差异，且Ｆ２、Ｆ３世代变化趋势一致，以耐冷性     

吉林省水稻品种耐冷特性研究

通过对吉林省水稻主要推广品种和新育成希望品系的各生育阶段耐冷特性鉴定结果表明：第一，我省目前推广和新育成的品系在水稻生育前期都具有较强的耐冷性，但在低温条件下出穗期明显推迟而且品种间推迟差异显著；第二，水稻孕穗期耐冷性表现较强的品种（系）：上育３９７、吉９４—Ｂ２、通系１０３、长白７号、农大３号、一目惚；第三，中长期低温处理条件下耐冷性表现稍强的品种（系）：上育３９７、吉９４—Ｂ２、一目惚。     

细长粒粳稻新品种云粳优1号选育及特性研究

云粳优1号是用细长粒型粳稻新品系银条粳作母本,高产、高抗稻瘟病、耐寒的合系34号作父本进行杂交,经过5年7代选育而成.选育过程中从集团单株选拔开始,每年都对高产性、品质、稻瘟病抗性、耐寒性进行同步鉴定,作为选拔的科学依据.与此同时,对云粳优1号的丰产性、适应性、品质特性、抗病性、耐寒性进行研究,并提出了相应的栽培措施.     

水稻东野1号苗期耐冷性遗传分析

从东乡野生稻转育而来的粳稻品种东野1号具有很强的耐冷性.对以东野1号与弱耐冷粳稻和籼稻品种配置的赣早籼49/东野1号和粳稻0298/东野1号的杂交后代进行了苗期耐冷性遗传研究.结果表明,东野1号在幼苗3叶期强耐冷性遗传属于加性-显性遗传模型,基因效应为加性和显性效应,受1对细胞核显性基因所控制;耐冷性遗传表现为超亲优势;用东野1号作轮回亲本,回交1代的耐冷性比亲本东野1号的耐冷性更强.因此,在以东野1号为耐冷基因供体与籼稻杂交后代的耐冷遗传育种研究中,很有可能选育到耐冷性强的籼稻品种.     

水稻耐冷性研究Ⅱ.云南稻种资源耐冷性鉴定

本文是系列论文水稻耐冷性研究的第二部分，从云南稻种资源芽期耐冷性鉴定、苗期耐冷性鉴定、孕穗开花期耐冷性鉴定3个方面系统地阐述了研究结果。早红谷、紫糯、攀农1号、马登红谷、澜沧花糯、攀天阁黑谷、宁Lang托托谷和海排谷等是芽期强耐冷性资源，芽期耐冷性存在稻种类型间差异。黑选5号、马登红谷、鲁甸黑谷、龙树红谷、七河大红谷、凤仪小白谷、小白谷、背子糯和细黄糯等是苗期耐冷性极强资源。黑选5号、海排谷、勐谢早红谷、石屏冷水谷、丽江新团黑谷、永宁小灰谷、昆明小白谷、半节芒、合系10号和云冷3－2等是孕穗开花期耐冷性资源。马登红谷等具有芽期和苗期耐冷性，澜沧花糯和攀天阁黑谷等具有芽期和孕穗开花期耐冷性，凤仪小白谷和龙树红谷等资源具有苗期和孕穗开花期耐冷性。     

寒地水稻孕穗期耐冷性的鉴定

主要介绍寒地水稻孕穗期耐冷性的鉴定方法,孕穗期耐冷性研究方法是在总结前人经验的基础上,在自然条件下利用冷水串灌法对水稻品种(系)的耐冷性进行筛选,选出耐冷性强的品种(系),培育耐冷性强的水稻新品种。     

低温胁迫对茄子幼苗生理特性的影响

将耐冷性不同的3个茄子品种幼苗分别在5℃低温条件下胁迫2，4，6d后，对其耐冷的生理特性进行了研究，结果表明：随低温胁迫时间的增加，茄子幼苗内SOD，POD活性先上升，后下降；耐冷性强的品种CAT活性增加，耐冷性弱的品种CAT活性下降；脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量降低；细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加．从品种差异上看，相同低温胁迫下，耐冷性强的品种能维持较高的酶活性，细胞受伤害程度较轻，耐冷性弱的品种则相反．     

耐寒水稻恢复系Q568的选育及其特性

用贵州高原耐冷地方品种与野败型不育系的杂种F1和具有强恢复力的雄性不育恢复系IR26、株叶形优良的引23及广亲合品种02428等进行复合杂交,经分步聚合,逐级重组,定向选择,育成了耐冷性、恢复力强的同质恢复系Q568。通过与不同类型的不育系测交鉴定,表现出以穗粒优势为主的杂种优势和强的恢复力。对籼粳杂交后代材料选择及恢复系耐冷源的选用作了探讨。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.     

Atmospheric halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride: global distributions, sources, and sinks

The global distribution of fluorocarbon-12 and fluorocarbon-11 is used to establish a relatively fast interhemispheric exchange rate of 1 to 1.2 years. Atmospheric residence times of 65 to 70 years for fluorocarbon-12 and 40 to 45 years for fluorocarbon-l1 best fit the observational data. These residence times rule out the possibility of any significant missing sinks that may prevent these fluorocarbons from entering the stratosphere. Atmospheric measurements of methyl chloroform support an 8-to 10-year residence time and suggest global average hydroxyl radical (HO) concentrations of 3 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(5) molecules per cubic centimeter. These are a factor of 5 lower than predicted by models. Additionally, methyl chloroform global distribution supports Southern Hemispheric HO levels that are a factor of 1.5 or more larger than the Northern Hemispheric values. The long residence time and the rapid growth of methyl chloroform cause it to be a potentially significant depleter of stratospheric ozone. The oceanic sink for atmospheric carbon tetrachloride is about half as important as the stratospheric sink. A major source of methyl chloride (3 x 10(12)grams per year), sufficient to account for nearly all the atmospheric methyl chloride, has been identified in the ocean.     

Fiber, food, fuel, and fungal symbionts

Virtually all plants of economic importance form mycorrhizae. These absorbing organs of higher plants result from a symbiotic union of beneficial soil fungi and feeder roots. In forestry, the manipulation of fungal symbionts ecologically adapted to the planting site can increase survival and growth of forest trees, particularly on adverse sites. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, which occur not only on many trees but also on most cultivated crops, are undoubtedly more important to world food crops. Imperatives for mycorrhizal research in forestry and agriculture are (i) the development of mass inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi, (ii) the interdisciplinary coordination with soil management, plant breeding, cultivation practices, and pest control to ensure maximum survival and development of fungal symbionts in the soil, and (iii) the institution of nursery and field tests to determine the circumstances in which mycorrhizae benefit plant growth in forestry and agri-ecosystems.