Effect of relative humidity at either acute or chronic moderate temperature on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of relative humidity(RH) at either acute or chronic moderate ambient temperature(Ta) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers.Two experiments were conducted: effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on average daily feed intake(ADFI) and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at acute(1 d: 20–26 or 31–20°C,26 or 31°C for 6 h d–1 at 10:00–16:00) moderate Ta(experiment 1) and effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at chronic(step-wisely increasing temperature by 3°C every 3 d from 20 to 32°C within 15 d: 20–23–26–29–32°C) moderate Ta(experiment 2).Droppings were collected at the 2,4,6,8,and 22 h after Ta-RH controlled in experiment 1 and at the 2,4,6,and 22 h after Ta controlled to 32°C in experiment 2.The results showed that: 1) In experiment 1,85% RH increased(P0.05) the droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8,and 22 h and 35% RH increased(P0.05) it at the 2 and 22 h compared to the 60% RH.Moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) it compared to the 35% RH,however,no difference(P0.05) was found in ADFI among the three RH groups at acute moderate 26°C; 35 and 85% RH increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8 and 22 h and decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 60% RH,moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites and further decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 35% RH at acute moderate 31°C; and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period had a negative correlation(P0.02) with the ADFI.2) In experiment 2,85% RH increased(P0.01) droppings' corticosterone metabolites only at the 2 h and decreased(P0.02) ADFI and average daily gain(ADG) compared to the 60% RH,no difference(P0.05) in droppings' corticosterone metabolites was found between the 35 and 60% RH,however,35% RH decreased(P0.01) ADG compared to the 60% RH,and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period also had a negative correlation(P0.02) with ADFI and ADG.In conclusion,droppings' corticosterone metabolites could be used as a RH stress index and low and high RH,especially high RH,reduced growth performance possibly through inducing RH stress at moderate temperature.     

Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on lipid metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel) fed animal or plant protein source-based diets

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soybean oligosaccharides (SBOS) on the levels of cholesterol in plasma and liver, and the fatty acid composition in muscle and liver of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric practical diets (crude protein 49%, gross energy 19 kJ/g) including only fish meal (FM) or soy protein isolate (SPI) as sole dietary protein source with (Diets FMO and SPIO) or without (Diets FM and SPI) supplemented SBOS (stachyose, 2.61%; raffinose, 0.61%) were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate aquaria stocked with 30 fish (initial body weight 1.93 ± 0.02 g) each. Fish were maintained in the flow-through aquaria at water temperature ranging from 22.0°C to 25.0°C and fed twice (08:00, 16:00) daily to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Dietary SBOS supplementation significantly increased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma of the fish fed FM-based diets (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed at the levels of plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (P > 0.05). The levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in plasma of the fish fed SPI-based diets were not significantly influenced by the supplemented SBOS (P > 0.05). Supplementation of SBOS did not influence the hepatic TC, TG and lipid contents and lipid droplet accumulation in fish fed FM-based diets, but significantly decreased the hepatic TC, TG and lipid contents and lipid droplet accumulation in fish fed SPI-based diets (P < 0.05). In contrast, supplemented SBOS significantly increased fecal cholesterol extraction in the fish fed FM-based diets (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the fish fed SPI-based diets (P > 0.05). The fatty acid composition in muscle and liver was not significantly affected by supplemental SBOS regardless of dietary protein source (P > 0.05). These results indicate that dietary SBOS supplementation (stachyose, 2.61%; raffinose, 0.61%) does not negatively affect the lipid metabolism of the fish fed FM-based diets, but decrease the incidences of fatty liver of the fish fed SPI-based diets.     

Effect of relative humidity at chronic temperature on growth performance,glucose consumption,and mitochondrial ATP production of broilers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of relative humidity(RH) at chronic temperature on growth performance, glucose consumption, and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate(ATP) production of broilers. A total of 180 28-day-old Arbor Acres broilers(half males and half females) were randomly allocated to three treatments, each containing six replicates of 10 birds per treatment, using a completely randomized design. Birds were reared at 35, 60 or 85% RH at 32°C for 15 days(temperature increased by 3°C every 3 days from 20 to 32°C within 15 days: 20–23–26–29–32°C). RH affected(P0.05) average daily feed intake(ADFI), average daily gain(ADG), average daily water consumption(ADWC), blood glucose concentrations, muscle glycogen levels, avian uncoupling protein(av UCP) mRNA expression, and cytochrome c oxidase(CCO) activity in liver of broilers at 42 days of age. The 85% RH decreased(P0.05) ADFI, ADG and ADWC; 35% RH decreased(P0.02) ADG. Both 85 and 35% RH increased(P0.01) blood glucose and decreased(P0.05) muscle glycogen. Both 85 and 35% RH increased(P0.05) av UCP mRNA expression. 35% RH decreased(P0.05) CCO activity. In conclusion, both high and low RH inceased glucose consumption and reduced mitochondrial ATP poduction, leading to a decline in growth rate.     

不同温度下不同蛋白水平对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)非特异性免疫的影响

选用德国镜鲤630尾(200±20)g,在18、22和26℃3个温度环境下用30%、33%、36%、39%、42%的五个不同的蛋白水平的饲料投喂,分别测定肝脏、脾脏中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、溶菌酶(LYZ)、血清中的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和补体C3、C4等免疫指标。结果表明,18℃环境下,42%蛋白水平组肝脏SOD活性显著高于其他组(P0.05);肝脏MDA含量随饲料蛋白水平的增加而降低;30%蛋白水平组脾脏溶菌酶的活性显著高于39%蛋白水平组(P0.05)。22℃环境下,42%蛋白水平组肝脏SOD活性显著高于其他蛋白水平组(P0.05);42%蛋白水平组肝脏MDA含量显著低于其他蛋白水平组(P0.05);42%蛋白水平组血清C3显著高于30%蛋白水平组(P0.05)。26℃环境下,肝脏SOD活性随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加,但差异不显著(P0.05);42%蛋白水平组肝脏MDA含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。结果显示,本试验条件下,在18、22和26℃温度下蛋白水平升高可在一定程度上提高鲤鱼的非特异性免疫,主要表现在抗氧化性方面,而对其他的非特异性免疫指标无显著的影响。     

The effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination in total mixed rations on fatty acid profile in the rumen and milk of Holstein cows

Five lactating Holstein cows in a 5×5 Latin square experiment were fed five high-concentrate total mixed rations(TMRs) to investigate the effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination on ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. The ratio of concentrate to forage was fixed as 61:39, and the step-wise improvement of forage combination was applied as: TMR1, a ration containing corn stover; TMR2, a ration containing corn stover and ensiled corn stover; TMR3, a ration containing ensiled corn stover and Chinese wild ryegrass hay(Leymus chinensis); TMR4, a ration containing the ryegrass hay and whole corn silage; TMR5, a ration containing the ryegrass hay, whole corn silage and alfalfa hay. The TMRs were offered to the cows twice daily at 0700 and 1900 h. The entire experiment was completed in five periods, and each period lasted for 18 days. Diurnal samples of rumen fluids were collected at 0100, 0700, 1300 and 1900 h(day 16); 0300, 0900, 1500 and 2100 h(day 17); and 0500, 1100, 1700 and 2300 h(day 18). The step-wise improvement of forage combination increased energy and crude protein contents and decreased fibre content. As a result, the step-wise improvement of forage combination increased dry matter intake and milk yield(P0.05). The step-wise improvement increased dietary content of linolenic acid(C18:3 n-3), but did not alter dietary proportions of palmitic acid(C16:0), stearic acid(C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1 cis-9), linoleic acid(C18:2 n-6) and arachidic acid(C20:0). In response to the forage combination, ruminal concentration of C16:0, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 linearly increased against their dietary intakes(P0.10). The step-wise improvement increased milk contents of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3(P0.10) and decreased milk contents of C18:0 and C18:1 cis-9(P0.05). Milk yields of C16:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 were linearly increased by the increase of these fatty acids in the rumen(R2≥0.79, P0.05), and milk yields of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 were also positively correlated with dietary intake of these fatty acids(R2≥0.85, P0.05). The step-wise improvement increased the transfer efficiencies from feed to milk for C18:2 n-6 from 11.8 to 14.2% and for C18:3 n-3 from 19.1 to 22.3%. In a brief, along with the step-wise improvement of forage combination, more dietary linoleic and linolenic acids might escape microbial hydrogenation in the rumen and consequently accumulated in milk fat though these fatty acids were present in low concentrations in ruminal fluids. The step-wise improvement of forage combinations could be recommended as a dietary strategy to increase the transfer efficiency of linoleic and linolenic acids from feed to milk.     

Effect of Dietary Alanyl-glutamine Supplementation on Growth Performance,Development of Intestinal Tract,Antioxidant Status and Plasma Non-specific Immunity of Young Mirror Carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）

Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.     

不同水温和饲料蛋白质水平对镜鲤血清生化指标的影响

研究了不同水温和饲料蛋白质水平对镜鲤Cyprinus specularis血清生化指标的影响。试验中设3个温度梯度（18、22、26℃）,每个温度下投喂5种含不同蛋白质水平（质量分数为29%、31%、34%、38%、40%）的饲料,共15组,每组设3个重复,每个重复放14尾鱼,共饲喂60 d。结果表明：镜鲤血清中的肌酐（CREA）浓度随饲养水温的升高而降低,在22、26℃下CREA浓度显著低于18℃下（P〈0.05）;血清中总胆固醇（CHOL）浓度随水温的升高而升高,在22℃和26℃下CHOL浓度显著高于18℃下（P〈0.05）;血清中甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDH）、谷草转氨酶（AST）浓度和AST/ALT在22℃下比18℃和26℃下有所降低,但无显著差异（P〉0.05）。各水温环境下,血糖（GLU）、总蛋白（TP）、球蛋白（GLB）、白蛋白（ALB）浓度随饲料中蛋白质水平的增加而升高;在18℃下,LDH浓度随蛋白质水平的增加而逐渐降低,其中38%蛋白质组显著高于29%蛋白质组（P〈0.05）;在22℃下,CHOL浓度随蛋白质水平的增加而降低,其中40%蛋白质组显著低于其它蛋白质组（P〈0.05）;在26℃下,40%蛋白质组的谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活性显著高于31%和34%蛋白质组（P〈0.05）。这表明22℃下比18、26℃下更有利于镜鲤的营养代谢,18、22、26℃下,饲料中蛋白质的质量分数分别为38%、40%、40%时,有利于改善镜鲤血清生化指标。     

饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对21~56日龄青铜火鸡生长性能 和血清生化指标的影响

为研究饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对21 ~ 56日龄青铜火鸡雏鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响，试验采用2 × 3双因子试验设计，分别为2个能量水平（12.13 和12.53 MJ·kg^-1）和3个蛋白质水平（22%、24%和26%）；选体重相近的青铜火鸡雏鸡180只，随机分为6组，每组5个重复，每个重复6只；常规饲养至20日龄，21日龄正式开始试验，为期35 d。结果表明：（1）饲粮蛋白质水平显著影响56 d火鸡体重、平均日增重（ADG）和料重比（F/G），蛋白质水平为26%组56 d火鸡体重和ADG显著高于22%组(P < 0.05)，蛋白质水平为26%组火鸡F/G显著低于22%组（P < 0.05）；饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对56 d火鸡体重和ADG有显著的交互作用（P < 0.05)。（2）饲粮蛋白质水平对血清尿素（UA）和总胆固醇（TC）含量有显著性影响，26%组雏火鸡血清中UA含量显著高于22%和24%组（P < 0.05），蛋白质水平为22%组血清TC含量显著高于26%组（P < 0.05）。饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对血清中球蛋白（GLB）含量有显著的交互作用（P < 0.05）。（3）饲粮能量水平对血清中类胰岛素生长因子1（IGF-1）的含量有显著性影响(P < 0.01)，能量水平为12.53 MJ·kg^-1组血清中IGF-1的含量显著高于12.13 MJ·kg^-1组；饲粮蛋白质水平极显著地影响血清中生长激素（GH）含量，蛋白质水平为22%组血清中GH含量显著高于24%和26%组(P < 0.01)；饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对血清中GH含量有显著的交互作用(P < 0.05)。（4）饲粮能量水平为12.13 MJ·kg^-1，蛋白质水平为26%时，火鸡的经济效益最好。综上所述，本试验条件下，21 ~ 56日龄青铜火鸡最适宜的饲粮能量水平为12.13 MJ·kg^-1，蛋白质水平为26%。     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

Pork Meat Quality of Preto Alentejano and Commercial Largewhite Landrace Cross

This work aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics of pork from a local breed （Portuguese black pork called Preto Alentejano） and a commercial breed. Sixteen animals were used, 4 females and 4 males from each breed. Animals had 80-100 kg of live weight. The longissimus muscle between the 5th thoracic vertebra and the 10th lumbar vertebra was used in the analysis. Samples were analysed for protein, fat, pigments, ashes, dry mater, water-holding capacity, and texture. Results of fat and pigments contents indicate signiifcant （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01） differences for all treatments. For protein, ashes, dry mater, water-holding capacity and texture, no signiifcant differences were found for sex. In the analysis of fatty acids composition, ten were detected, being the main ones C16：0, C18：0, C16：1, C18：1, C18：2. There was a predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA）, followed by saturated （SFA） and polyunsaturated （PUFA）. Differences were signiifcant for sex （P〈0.01） and breed （P〈0.01）. Preto Alentejano breed and females presented the higher percentages of SFA （P〈0.01） and MUFA （P〈0.001） fatty acids. Differences between breeds might be due to breed production system and feed differences.     

中成鱼阶段卵形鲳鲹对饲料蛋白质和脂肪的适宜需求量

通过添加不同浓度鱼粉,制成6组等脂等能的蛋白质梯度实验饲料(P1～P6),研究中成鱼阶段(初始体质量范围定义为100 g/只的个体)卵形鲳鲹对饲料中蛋白质的最适需求量。研究发现,随着饲料中蛋白质含量的升高(P1～P6),实验鱼的生长性能如增重率、蛋白质效率以及全鱼粗蛋白含量均呈现先显著升高(P0.05)而后逐渐平稳的趋势(P0.05),而饲料系数和摄食率呈现先显著降低(P0.05)而后轻微升高的趋势(P0.05)。折线回归模型拟合生长性能,计算中成鱼阶段卵形鲳鲹对饲料中蛋白质的最适需求量(质量分数)为49.75%。在获得蛋白质需求的基础上,通过添加不同水平的豆油,制成6组等氮的脂肪梯度实验饲料(L1～L6),研究中成鱼阶段卵形鲳鲹对饲料中脂肪的最适需求量。随着饲料中脂肪含量提高(L1～L6),卵形鲳鲹的增重率等生长性能呈现先显著升高后稳定的趋势(P0.05),而饲料系数和摄食率则呈现先显著降低后稳定的趋势(P0.05)。折线回归模型拟合生长性能,计算中成鱼阶段卵形鲳鲹对饲料中脂肪的最适需求量(质量分数)为12.20%～12.27%。     

养成期斜带石斑鱼对饲料脂肪的需要量

在基础饲料中添加鱼油,配成5种不同脂肪水平(7.07%、9.92%、12.92%、15.95%和19.04%)的等氮饲料,投喂体重278.5 g的石斑鱼10周。结果表明:随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,石斑鱼的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率呈逐渐上升后显著下降趋势(P0.05),饲料效率变化趋势同增重率相反;各处理组成活率不受饲料脂肪水平的影响(P0.05)。全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量逐渐上升后稳定,全鱼灰分含量逐渐下降;全鱼水分、粗蛋白和肌肉水分、粗蛋白、灰分含量不受饲料脂肪水平的影响(P0.05)。肥满度和脏体比随饲料脂肪水平的增加逐渐上升后稳定;肝体比逐渐上升。血浆葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白水平均显著升高(P0.05),总蛋白和低密度脂蛋白显著下降(P0.05)。肝脏肝酯酶、脂蛋白酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活力随饲料脂肪水平的升高逐渐下降,乳酸脱氢酶活力逐渐上升。肝脏碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶活力随饲料脂肪水平的升高逐渐上升后稳定;酸性磷酸酶活力显著下降(P0.05)。以特定生长率为判据,二次曲线模型拟合得出,养成期斜带石斑鱼对饲料脂肪的需要量为14.44%。     

Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.     

山葡萄PAL基因原核表达载体的构建及表达蛋白纯化

山葡萄苯丙胺酸解氨酶（PAL）是苯丙烷途径的关键酶,在果皮着色中能够调控花色苷合成途径。构建PAL基因原核表达重组质粒pET28a-PAL,并对重组蛋白表达条件进行优化,以山葡萄DNA扩增PAL并连接到pMD18-T,筛选得到阳性克隆后连接到pET28a原核表达载体上,重组质粒转化至E.coli BL21后经不同浓度的IPTG、不同诱导温度、不同诱导时间处理,通过DPS设计正交试验优化重组蛋白的表达条件,并将重组蛋白纯化。结果显示,正交试验不同处理下的蛋白表达差异显著（P<0.05）,诱导因素的影响程度从强到弱分别为IPTG浓度、温度和时间。IPTG诱导浓度对其影响最显著（P=0.015<0.05）,且IPTG浓度为0.6 mmol·L^-1,诱导温度为22℃,诱导时间为5 h时,诱导重组蛋白PAL的效果最佳。成功构建其原核表达载体并使其在大肠杆菌中得到高效表达,为探究PAL蛋白的表达提供参考。     

Expression of HSP72 in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos with Heat Shock

The objective of the paper was to detect HSP72 expression and HSP72 gene sequence in heat shocked mouse preimplantation embryos and the effects of different thermo conditions on hatching rates of embryos. The mouse blastocysts cultured in vitro were heat treated at 40℃ and 38℃ for 1 h, 2 h and 3 h and then recovered at 370C for 3 h, 2 h and 1 h, respectively, to detect their HSP72 gene expression by using RT-PCR after the total R.NA extraction. The hatching rate of the blastocysts for different treated groups was recorded and the expression of liSP72 in the blastocysts was determined by Western blot. The results showed that all the groups of blastocysts, including the control, had the expression of HSP72 gene. The expression of HSP72 protein had the highest level in the embryos stressed at 38℃ for 2 h, and it was significantly higher than that in the control group. The expression of HSP72 in the groups of blastocysts treated at 40℃ was not significantly different from that in the control group. The embryos with induction of mild heat shock at 38℃ for 2 h, then subjected to heat shock at 40℃ for 2 h, had a significant higher （P〈0.05） hatching rate of 54.74% compared to 47.85% in the embryos treated directly at 40℃ for 2 h. The above results indicated that the mouse blastocysts were sensitive to heat shock and a mild heat shock induced HSP72 gene expression. Induction of HSP72 expression with mild heat shock helped embryos to tolerate more severe heat shocks.     

21～42日龄肉鸡能量和蛋白质需要量的研究

以商品代艾维茵肉鸡为供试动物,设置3个日粮代谢能(ME)水平,分别为12.55、12.97和13.38 MJ/kg;4个粗蛋白(CP)水平,分别为18.5%、19.0%、19.5%和20.0%.采用3×4因子设计进行饲养试验, 研究日粮ME和CP水平对22～42日龄肉鸡生产性能、胴体性能以及肉品质的影响.结果表明:(1)日粮ME水平对22～42日龄肉鸡的日均采食量、平均日增体质量、料重比和21日体质量影响极显著(P<0.01);日粮CP水平对22～42日龄肉鸡的日均采食量影响不显著(P>0.05),但对平均日增体质量、42日体质量和料重比影响极显著(P<0.01).日粮ME和CP的互作对22～42日龄肉鸡料重比影响极显著(P<0.01);较高的日粮ME水平和CP水平可获得理想的生产性能;(2)日粮ME水平对22～42日龄肉鸡半净膛率、腿肌率和腹脂率影响极显著(P<0.01),对屠宰率影响显著(P<0.05),对全净膛率和胸肌率影响都不显著(P>0.05);日粮CP水平与22～42日龄肉鸡的胸肌率呈正相关,对其他胴体性能指标影响不显著(P>0.05);(3)随日粮ME水平增加,腿肌的红度(a*)先降低后增加,但对胸肌红度(a*)影响不显著(P>0.05);胸肌和腿肌的黄色度值(b*)都与日粮ME和CP水平呈正相关;日粮ME水平对胸肌的亮度(L*)影响不显著(P>0.05);(4)胸肌的PH值与日粮ME水平呈负相关,腿肌的pH值随日粮CP水平的升高呈先上升后下降趋势;腿肌的持水率与日粮ME水平呈正相关.通过本试验并结合生产实际认为: 22～42日龄肉鸡适宜的ME水平为12.97MJ/kg,CP水平为19.0%～20.0%之间.     

异育银鲫幼鱼对蛋白质、脂肪及碳水化合物需求量的研究

为探讨初均重(2.85±0.09)g的异育银鲫幼鱼对蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的适宜需要量,采用三因素二次正交旋转试验方法,饲料蛋白质的高、低水平设计为33%和26%,脂肪为10.5%和5.5%,碳水化合物为40%和30%,共15组饲料,试验期60 d。结果表明,当蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物水平的组合值依次为35.05%、8.23%、27.65%,35.62%、8.63%、28.16%,37.15%、4.56%、31.48%时,试验鱼的WGR、SGR最大,FCR最小。当蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物水平分别为33.22%、5.81%、25.58%时,VSI最小。CF和HSI各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。全鱼水分含量与饲料脂肪水平成负相关,脂肪含量与饲料脂肪、碳水化合物水平呈正相关。当饲料脂肪含量大于8%时,全鱼脂肪含量明显上升(P0.05)。蛋白质、灰分含量各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。通过综合分析,异育银鲫幼鱼适宜的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物需要量分别为35.05%~37.15%、4.56%~8.00%、27.65%~31.48%。     

低温及能量水平对笼养育成蛋鸭生长及性发育的影响

试验研究了低温环境及不同能量水平(10.68,11.36,12.04 MJ·kg-1)的饲粮对笼养育成蛋鸭生长性能及性发育的影响。选用13周龄健康的金定鸭144只,随机分成6组,分别置于(2±1)℃,(18±1)℃的环境中。结果表明:①低温使日采食量和料重比显著升高(P<0.01),而使日增重降低(P>0.05),在低温环境下随着饲粮能量水平的提高,日采食量和料重比有下降的趋势(P<0.05),而日增重有上升的趋势(P<0.05);②低温减缓了卵巢及输卵管的发育,但差异不显著(P>0.05),并且在低温环境下随着饲粮能量水平的提高,卵巢及输卵管的发育情况有上升的趋势;低温使血清钙、总蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.01),使孕酮浓度降低(P>0.05),在低温环境下提高饲粮能量水平使血清钙、总蛋白含量及孕酮浓度有上升的趋势。     

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study, which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design, and fed the normal control and Ca- or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age. At 22 days of age, the broilers were further fed the normal control diet (0.90% Ca+0.35% non-phytate P (NPP)), the P-deficient diet (0.90% Ca+0.18% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.35% NPP) or the Ca and P-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.18% NPP), respectively. The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased (P<0.05) tibia bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), ash content, tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42, but increased (P<0.05) tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group. Furthermore, the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest (P<0.05) tibia BMD, BBS, ash content, serum P content and the highest (P<0.05) serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets. The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency; dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.     

Regulation of bone phosphorus retention and bone development possibly by BMP and MAPK signaling pathways in broilers

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways play an important role in regulation of bone formation and development, however, it remains unclear that the effect of dietary different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) on these signaling pathways and their correlations with bone phosphorus (P) retention and bone development in broilers. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary P supplementation on BMP and MAPK signaling pathways and their correlations with bone P retention and bone development in broilers. A total of 800 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design. The 5 treatments of dietary NPP levels were 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55% or 0.15, 0.22, 0.29, 0.36 and 0.43% for broilers from 1 to 21 days of age or 22 to 42 days of age, respectively. The results showed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) mRNA expression in the tibia of broilers on days 14 and 28, phosphorylated-ERK1 (p-ERK1) on day 14, and BMP2 protein expression on days 28 and 42 decreased linearly (P<0.04), while c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) mRNA expression on day 42 increased linearly (P<0.02) with the increase of dietary NPP level. At 14 days of age, total P accumulation in tibia ash (TP_TA), bone mineral concentration (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS) and tibia ash were negatively correlated (r=–0.726 to –0.359, P<0.05) with ERK1 and JNK1 mRNA as well as p-ERK1; tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone gal protein (BGP) were positively correlated (r=0.405 to 0.665, P<0.01) with ERK1 mRNA and p-ERK1. At 28 days of age, TP_TA, BMC, BMD, BBS and tibia ash were negatively correlated (r=–0.518 to –0.370, P<0.05) with ERK1 mRNA and BMP2 protein, while tibia ALP was positively correlated (r=0.382 to 0.648, P<0.05) with them. The results indicated that TP_TA, BMC, BMD, BBS or tibia ash had negative correlations, while tibia ALP and BGP had positive correlations with ERK1 and JNK1 mRNAs, BMP2 protein and p-ERK1, suggesting that bone P retention and bone development might be regulated by BMP and MAPK signaling pathways in broiler chickens.