禽流感与人类健康

禽流感(avian influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒(avian influenza virus)引起的一种禽类感染征或疾病综合症,高致病性禽流感(highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI)可引起禽类100％的死亡。由于抗原转变和抗原漂移,禽流感病毒是高度可变的。人禽流感是指高致病性禽流感病毒跨越物种界限,引起人类感染的一种新发传染病。目前,全球已发现H5N1、H7N7、H9N2等亚型禽流感病毒可感染人类。但目前还没有发现禽流感病毒具有在人群中相互传播的能力。对禽流感必须采用积极的预防策略。在加强监测的基础上,对家禽采用扑杀和免疫相结合的措施,可以有效地控制禽流感的流行。研制人类流感疫苗,是预防新的流感病毒株的流行的可靠保证。     

Endemicity of H9N2 and H5N1 avian influenza viruses in poultry in China poses a serious threat to poultry industry and public health

The H9N2 and H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in poultry in China and become endemic since 1998 and 2004, respectively. Currently, they are prevalent in poultry throughout China. This endemicity makes them actively involved in the emergence of the novel lineages of other subtypes of influenza viruses, such as the well-known viruses of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 and the 2013 novel H7N7, H7N9 and H10N8 subtypes, thereby threatening both the poultry industry and public health. Here, we will review briefly the prevalence and evolution, pathogenicity, transmission, and disease control of these two subtypes and also discuss the possibility of emergence of potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIVs to humans.     

The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host

Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.     

Emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Democratic People's Republic of Korea

In the past decade, there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in both animals and humans, however, few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) were published. During the period 2013–2014, HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology. The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014. These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds. Therefore, the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority, which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.     

新型H3N3亚型禽流感病毒对鸡致病性与传播性研究

新型禽流感病毒对家禽养殖业可造成严重经济损失，及时发现和阻断其传播具有重要意义。2022—2023年，本实验室在我国发病鸡群中监测到新型H3N3亚型禽流感病毒的出现和传播。本研究对发病鸡群开展了临床发病情况调查，对分离病毒进行了全基因组演化分析，并对分离的代表性病毒进行了鸡致病性以及空气传播性试验。结果表明：1)H3N3最早于2022年12月在华东地区发生产蛋下降的蛋鸡群出现，随后陆续在华东、华北、东北等多个地区的鸡群中监测到，发病群体主要为产蛋鸡，鸡群发病率高，死亡率低(1%～5%),主要引起产蛋率急性下降(10%～40%)。2)病毒全基因组序列分析显示，H3N3病毒为新型重排病毒，由鸡群中流行的H3N8病毒与H10N3病毒重排产生，6个内部基因来源于H9N2病毒。3)与H3N8病毒类似，新型H3N3病毒对鸡群高度易感，可在鸡鼻甲、气管、肺等呼吸器官中高效复制并排毒，引起呼吸系统严重病理损伤。4)空气传播性结果表明，新型H3N3病毒可在鸡群之间空气传播，而H3N8病毒不能在鸡群间空气传播。综上，新型H3N3禽流感病毒对鸡具有较强的致病性和传播性，有可能成为新的优势流行病毒，对我国家禽...     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒A/goose/Guangdong/1/96株反向基因操作系统的建立

 A/goose/Guangdong/1/96（GSGD/1/96）是中国分离的第1株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒，它不仅是97香港感染并致人死亡的H5N1亚型流感病毒HA基因供体株，而且是中国目前已报到的H5亚型流感病毒分离株的共同祖先。本研究建立了该病毒的8质粒反向基因操作系统，并通过细胞转染成功拯救了该病毒（R-GSGD/1/96）。R-GSGD/1/96在对SPF鸡和 Balb/c小鼠的致病性方面保持了与亲本野毒(W-GSGD/1/96)一致的生物学特性，即对鸡都是高致病性毒株，R-GSGD/1/96与W-GSGD/1/96的静脉致病指数分别为2.01和2.10；救获病毒与野生病毒一样，尽管106EID50经鼻腔感染小鼠后1～2 d内能从肺脏检测到低滴度的病毒，但不能在小鼠体内成功复制。GSGD/1/96反向基因操作系统的成功建立为进一步开展中国高致病性禽流感病毒分离株的生物学特性、遗传衍化及结构与其功能关系研究奠定了基础。     

一株鸭源H4N8亚型禽流感病毒的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

【目的】禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus, AIV)根据其表面糖蛋白血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)和神经氨酸(neuraminidase, NA)的不同,可分为16种HA和9种NA亚型。根据其致病力的差异可分为高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, HPAIV)和低致病性禽流感病毒(low pathogenic avian influenza virus, LPAIV)。虽然H4亚型禽流感病毒为低致病性AIV,感染家禽表现为无症状感染,但其对禽类甚至是哺乳动物是一个潜在的威胁,因此必须要加强对H4亚型禽流感病毒的调查监控。【方法】为了探讨H4亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征及遗传演化规律,对2010年在中国华东地区某活禽市场进行流行病学监测时分离到的一株H4N8亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Nanjing/1102/2010（简称DK/NJ /1102）进行了全基因组序列测定及遗传进化分析。通过常规的血清学试验确定其HA亚型,提取病毒总RNA,并通过RT-PCR方法分别扩增出其各基因片段,连接 pGEM-Teasy载体上后进行序列测定。利用GenBank中的BLAST工具进行核苷酸序列的同源性分析,并与GeneBank 中的H4亚型流感病毒及其它相关序列进行遗传进化分析。【结果】DK/NJ/1102的HA基因与Mongolia 分离株A/duck/Mongolia/274/2007(H4N3)的核苷酸同源性最高,为98.9%。推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为“P-E-K-A-S-R-G”,符合典型的低致病性禽流感病毒特征;NA基因与华东地区分离的鸭源毒株A/Duck/Eastern China/n91/2009(H3N8)核苷酸同源性最高,达99.4%;PB1、PA和NP基因均与H1亚型禽流感病毒亲缘关系最近;M基因与A/wild duck/Korea/CSM4-12/2009(H5N1)核苷酸同源性最高,高达99.9%;NS基因与韩国2009年分离的H7N7亚型流感病毒遗传距离最近。NS1蛋白的80-84处氨基酸没有发生氨基酸缺失。【结论】该H4N8亚型禽流感病毒基因组构成比较复杂,可能是一株多基因重组病毒。     

1998-2021年我国人感染H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的遗传演化规律

【目的】 通过分析1998—2021年间我国人感染H9N2亚型禽流感病例的发病时间、所在省份、年龄和性别等信息,明确H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的流行病学特征;通过分析人源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因特征,阐明人源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的遗传演化规律;为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒跨种间传播的预警和防控提供数据支撑。【方法】 基于流感基因数据库、病例报道和文献资料,获得1998—2021年我国人感染H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的病例信息和毒株序列数据。从时间、空间、性别和年龄的分布对感染病例进行分析,明确人源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染的流行病学特征。通过DNASTAR中的MegAlign软件对人源H9N2病毒的各基因片段的核苷酸序列进行同源性分析,利用MEGA7.0软件构建系统进化树和分析病毒蛋白关键位点,揭示遗传演化趋势和病毒蛋白关键氨基酸位点的变异情况。通过GISAID网站下载2019—2021年间我国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的核苷酸序列,利用mafft比对后在MEGA7.0中查看人源与禽源H9N2病毒关键氨基酸位点的突变差异,揭示当前人源和禽源H9N2病毒可能引起的风险。【结果】 1998—2021年我国人感染H9N2亚型禽流感病毒病例共71例,从空间分布分析,病例分布于16个省市,其中91.55%的病例来自于南方12个省市;从时间分布分析,2013年以后,我国报道的感染病例呈增长趋势,2013—2021年累计感染病例数占总病例数的61.97%;从性别和年龄分布分析,男、女性别比为 1﹕1.68,感染病例主要见于幼儿和少儿,占总病例的74.14%。对人源H9N2病毒进行基因组比对分析,发现这些病毒均属于欧亚分支,但是这些病毒各基因片段的核苷酸序列同源性差异较大,HA、NA、PB2、PB1、PA、NP、M和NS的同源性分别为75.3%—100%、80.1%—100%、78.7%—100%、82.5%—100%、72.6%—100%、74.1%—100%、65.5%—100%、82.0%—100%;22株具有完整基因片段的病毒分为8个基因型,2003、2008和2013年的基因型与1999年的基因型有明显差异。1998—2021年共有42株人源H9N2病毒株上传HA序列,其中有38株病毒的HA蛋白发生Q226L的突变;共有30株人源H9N2病毒株上传PB2序列,其中9株病毒的PB2蛋白发生E627V突变,1株病毒的PB2蛋白发生E627K突变;1株病毒的PB2蛋白的701位点发生D701N突变,共有31株人源H9N2病毒株上传 NS与M序列,NS1蛋白的42位点均为S,M1蛋白的30和215位点的氨基酸分别为D和A。2019-2021年人源H9N2病毒的HA蛋白183与190位点、NS1蛋白42位点均发生突变,人源与禽源H9N2病毒的PB2蛋白701位点均未发生突变。【结论】 自2013年以来,我国人感染H9N2亚型禽流感病例数量呈增长趋势,且具有显著的地域、年龄和性别差异。1998年至今,人源H9N2病毒的基因同源性差异较大,不同分支间病毒基因重排频繁,形成了复杂的基因型,提示H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在不断地进化。人源H9N2病毒的关键氨基酸位点出现突变,且在2019—2021年人源比禽源H9N2病毒的关键位点突变率高,提示H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的跨种感染人的潜力逐渐增强。该结果丰富了对人源H9N2病毒认知,为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒防控提供参考。     

一株鸭源H4N6亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Shanghai/Y20/2006的全基因组序列测定及遗传演化分析

为了解鸭源H4N6亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Shanghai/Y20/2006(DK/SH/Y20/06)的来源、特征及其分子演化规律,进一步丰富水禽流感病毒的基因库,对该病毒8个基因片段分别进行了扩增和序列测定,利用分子生物学软件对测序结果进行序列分析,并与GenBank登录的相关病毒进行了遗传演化分析。结果表明,DK/SH/Y20/06的HA基因切割位点附近的氨基酸序列(PEKASR↓GLF)符合低致病力AIV的特征,其分子遗传演化关系属于欧亚分支;NA基因与A/mallard/Yanchen/2005(H4N6)在同一分支内,核苷酸序列同源性为98.3%;而PB2、PB1、NP、PA基因与目前在国内流行的H6亚型禽流感病毒关系密切;M基因与A/environment/Korea/CSM05/2004(H3N1)处于同一分支;而NS基因与A/wild duck/Korea/YS44/2004(H1N2)同源性最高。且DK/SH/Y20/06的8个基因与美洲H4N6亚型AIV分离株均不处在同一遗传进化分支上,相互之间遗传关系较远。可见,DK/SH/Y20/06可能是由H4N6、H6N2、H6N5、H3N1和H1N2等不同亚型来源的基因在鸭体内经过复杂重组演变的一株重组病毒。     

NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的调控机制

【目的】流感病毒是一种人兽共患病原,常引起大流行,给人类健康造成巨大威胁,且流感病毒易发生变异,能不断逃逸宿主细胞的免疫反应,对现有抗流感药物产生耐药性,因此寻找抵抗流感的新方法迫在眉睫。研究通过探索NMRAL1(NmrA-like family domain-containing protein 1)对流感病毒复制的影响,并揭示其发挥作用的分子机制,为抗流感药物研发提供潜在靶点。【方法】采用siRNA干扰技术在A549细胞中下调表达NMRAL1,并通过Western Blot检测siRNA干扰后NMRAL1的表达水平;在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,分别感染A/Anhui/2/2005 (AH05) (H5N1)和A/WSN/33 (H1N1) 两株不同亚型流感病毒,利用蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后24和48 h细胞上清中的病毒滴度。为确定NMRAL1影响流感病毒复制的具体阶段,在HEK293T细胞中瞬时转染NMRAL1-Myc-pCAGGS质粒过表达NMRAL1,通过双荧光素酶报告系统检测过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性的影响;使用免疫荧光技术对流感病毒NP蛋白进行染色,通过激光共聚焦试验观察下调表达NMRAL1对感染病毒后3、4、5、6和8 h NP蛋白在被感染细胞中的定位情况的影响,判断下调表达NMRAL1是否影响流感病毒的入核和出核过程;利用Western Blot检测下调表达NMRAL1对流感病毒各病毒蛋白表达的影响和对流感病毒激活I型干扰素通路下游IFN刺激基因（ISGs）表达的影响,利用间接免疫荧光试验进一步研究NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的影响。【结果】Western Blot检测发现NMRAL1 siRNA能显著下调NMRAL1表达,在下调表达NMRAL1的A549细胞中分别感染H5N1和H1N1病毒,并通过蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后细胞上清中的病毒滴度,结果显示在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,感染流感病毒后24和48 h收取的细胞上清中病毒滴度显著下降,表明NMRAL1能促进不同亚型流感病毒的复制;为进一步探索NMRAL1调控流感病毒复制的具体机制,利用双荧光素酶报告系统检测流感病毒聚合酶活性,发现过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性无明显影响;激光共聚焦试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达不影响NP蛋白的入核和出核过程,同时Western Blot检测表明下调NMRAL1表达不影响各病毒蛋白的表达;但荧光定量PCR试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达能够促进流感病毒感染诱导的IFN-β mRNA水平上升,且Western Blot检测发现下调表达NMRAL1促进I型干扰素通路下游的MxA和IFITM3抗病毒蛋白的表达,与此同时,间接免疫荧光试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达可显著抑制流感病毒复制。【结论】在流感病毒感染过程中,NMRAL1不影响流感病毒的入侵以及转录翻译过程,而是通过抑制I型干扰素通路激活从而抑制MxA、IFITM3等抗病毒因子的表达,最终促进流感病毒复制。研究证实宿主因子NMRAL1正调控流感病毒的复制,丰富了参与流感病毒复制的宿主因子网络。     

Immunization by avian H5 influenza hemagglutinin mutants with altered receptor binding specificity

Influenza virus entry is mediated by the receptor binding domain (RBD) of its spike, the hemagglutinin (HA). Adaptation of avian viruses to humans is associated with HA specificity for alpha2,6- rather than alpha2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) receptors. Here, we define mutations in influenza A subtype H5N1 (avian) HA that alter its specificity for SA either by decreasing alpha2,3- or increasing alpha2,6-SA recognition. RBD mutants were used to develop vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that neutralized new variants. Structure-based modification of HA specificity can guide the development of preemptive vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that can be evaluated before the emergence of human-adapted H5N1 strains.     

基于纳米材料电化学免疫传感器检测禽呼肠孤病毒研究

【目的】构建一种用于检测禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)的新型电化学免疫传感器。【方法】将石墨烯(G)和甲壳胺(Chi)分散在乙酸溶液中得到均匀的混合物后,加入HAuCl4溶液于80℃还原成金纳米粒子（AuNPs）,得到石墨烯-甲壳胺-金纳米粒子(G-Chi-AuNPs)纳米复合物。将石墨烯(G)和甲壳胺(Chi)分散在乙酸溶液中得到均匀的混合物后,先加入AgNO3溶液于80℃还原成银纳米粒子（AgNPs）,再加入禽呼肠孤病毒单克隆抗体(ARV-MAb),得到石墨烯-甲壳胺-银纳米粒子-禽呼肠孤病毒单克隆抗体（G-Chi-AgNPs-ARV-MAb）纳米复合物。将G-Chi- AuNPs纳米复合物修饰金电极作为传感器平台,固定待检测样品,然后加入G-Chi-AgNPs-ARV-MAb纳米复合物,并对G-Chi-AgNPs-ARV-MAb纳米复合物的孵育时间进行优化,构建了ARV电化学免疫传感器。使用构建的ARV电化学免疫传感器,对禽流感（H5N1、H3N6和H9N2亚型）、新城疫病毒（NDV）、喉气管炎病毒（LTV）、传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）和传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)进行检测,以确定ARV电化学免疫传感器的特异性。使用构建的ARV电化学免疫传感器,对106.5-100.5 TCID50/mL的病毒进行检测,以确定ARV电化学免疫传感器的敏感性试验。使用构建的ARV电化学免疫传感器,对临床样品进行检测,其确定ARV电化学免疫传感器的实用性。【结果】所建立的ARV电化学免疫传感器,G-Chi-AgNPs-ARV-MAb纳米复合物的最佳孵育时间为40 min。当检测的样品为阳性时,ARV与ARV-MAb特异结合,G-Chi-AgNPs-ARV-MAb纳米复合物被固定到电极的表面使其线性伏安曲线出现AgNPs的氧化峰;当检测样品为阴性时,其线性伏安曲线不出现AgNPs的氧化峰。特异性结果表明,所建立的方法仅对ARV的检测为阳性（出现AgNPs的氧化峰）,而对非目标禽流感（H5N1、H3N6和H9N2亚型）、NDV、LTV、IBV和 IBDV的检测为阴性（不出现AgNPs的氧化峰）。敏感性结果表明,所构建的ARV电化学免疫传感器,具有很高的敏感性,对ARV检测的敏感性达101.5 TCID50/mL。使用建立的ARV电化学免疫传感器对22份临床样品进行检测,结果与病毒分离方法相符。【结论】所建立的ARV电化学免疫传感器,具有特异性强、敏感度高及快速的特点,为有效检测诊断禽呼肠孤病毒提供了一种新的快速检测诊断技术。     

Avian H5N1 influenza in cats

During the 2003 to 2004 outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in Asia, there were anecdotal reports of fatal infection in domestic cats, although this species is considered resistant to influenza. We experimentally inoculated cats with H5N1 virus intratracheally and by feeding them virus-infected chickens. The cats excreted virus, developed severe diffuse alveolar damage, and transmitted virus to sentinel cats. These results show that domestic cats are at risk of disease or death from H5N1 virus, can be infected by horizontal transmission, and may play a role in the epidemiology of this virus.     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.     

家禽密切接触人群禽流感和新城疫血清学调查

为了评估家禽密切接触人群感染新城疫和禽流感病毒的风险,分别采集21份规模化养禽场和20份从事禽产品加工的屠宰场工作人员血清样品,采用微量中和试验检测人血清样品中新城疫和禽流感(H5和H9亚型)病毒抗体。结果发现,养禽场工作人员新城疫病毒抗体阳性率为33.3%,禽流感(H5和H9亚型)病毒抗体均为阴性;屠宰场工作人员新城疫病毒抗体阳性率为5%,禽流感(H5和H9亚型)病毒抗体均为阴性。结果表明新城疫病毒能够感染人,而目前国内流行的禽流感病毒感染人群的可能性较小。但是,由于禽流感病毒很容易发生变异和持续进化,有必要对家禽密切接触人群进行血清学监测。     

共表达禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的重组禽痘病毒在SPF鸡的免疫效力试验

 将禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)毒株的HA和NA2个基因同源重组到禽痘病毒基因组中,获得了能同时高效表达这2种蛋白的重组禽痘病毒(rFPV-HA-NA)。将rFPV-HA-NA经翅膀刺种途径接种8周龄SPF鸡,免疫后4周分别用10LD50的高致病力禽流感病毒(HPAIV)A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)和A/FPV/Rostock/34(H7N1)毒株进行攻击。结果重组禽痘病毒免疫鸡群诱导产生了高水平的抗体,能够完全抵抗H5N1和H7N1亚型病毒的     

Immune Efficacy of a Recombinant Fowlpox Virus Co-Ex-pressing HA and NA Genes of Avian Influenza Virus in SPF Chickens

A recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing Haemagglutinin(HA)and Neuraminidase(NA)named as rFPV-HA-NA was produced by HA and NA gene of A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)isolate of avian influenza virus recombined into the genome of fowlpox virus. In this study,to evaluate its ability of protecting chickens against challenge with a lethal dose of highly pathogenic isolates of avian influenza virus,eight-week-old specificpathogenic-free(SPF)chickens were vaccinated with recombinant virus or the wildtypefowlpox virus by wing-web puncture. After challenge 4 weeks with 10 LD50 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and H7N1 isolate,all chickens vaccinated with recombinant virus were protected,while the chickens vaccinated with the wildtype fowlpox virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 100% mortality respectively following challenge. This complete protection was accompanied by the high levels of specific antibody response to the respectivecomponents of the recombinant virus.     

Swine influenza-like viruses in turkeys: potential source of virus for humans?

Influenza A viruses (subtype H1N1), recently isolated from turkeys in different areas of the United States, were determined to be closely related to strains typically associated with pigs. This conclusion was based on comparisons of H1N1 isolates from pigs, humans, ducks, and turkeys with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, RNA-RNA competitive hybridization, and replication studies. One of the H1N1 isolates from turkeys caused influenza in a laboratory technician, who displayed fever, respiratory illness, virus shedding, and seroconversion. These results suggest that turkeys as well as pigs are involved in the maintenance of these viruses and their transmission to humans.     

H9N2亚型AIV NA基因多聚腺苷酸化信号位点对病毒复制的影响

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因vRNA 5'端的多聚腺苷酸化信号位点具有多样性,突变发生时,该位点失去与聚合酶的结合能力或结合能力减弱,阻碍多聚腺苷酸化过程,影响病毒mRNA的转录过程。为探究H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因5'端多聚腺苷酸化信号位点处5个或6个连续的尿嘧啶(U₅或U₆)碱基对病毒生物学特性的影响,以一株四川分离株A/Chicken/China/Sichuan/CQY/2014(H9N2)为骨架的反向遗传系统构建突变株。结果显示,含U₅的H9N2突变株(rCQYU₅-H9N2)的血凝效价、TCID₅₀和EID₅₀滴度均高于含U₅的H9N2突变株(rCQYU6-H9N2),但生长曲线无显著差异,表明H9N2 NA基因5'端多聚腺苷酸化信号位点U₅或U₆结构均不影响病毒的拯救,但U₅有助于提高病毒在鸡胚与细胞中的复制滴度。本实验研究结果可为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的复制机理等研究提供参考。     

禽流感病毒H5N1亚型血凝素基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

[目的]研究禽流感病毒H5N1亚型血凝素基因在昆虫细胞中的表达。[方法]将禽流感病毒H5N1亚型HA基因以BamHI和NotI双酶切插入pFastBacI载体构建pFast-H5HA转移载体质粒,然后将pFast-H5HA转入含有穿梭质粒的感受态DH10Bac中发生转座作用,在含有X-gal、IPTG、庆大霉素、卡那霉素和四环素的琼脂平板上筛选白色菌落,通过连续传代4次后获得稳定的重组质粒reBac-mid-H5HA。[结果]将重组质粒reBacmid-H5HA转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得含有禽流感病毒H5N1亚型HA基因的重组杆状病毒,经间接免疫荧光和Western-blot证实HA基因在昆虫细胞中获得表达。重组杆状病毒表达产物能够凝集鸡红细胞,并能被抗H5N1 HA单抗所抑制。[结论]重组血凝素蛋白在杆状病毒中能获得正确表达,为研制AIVH5亚型检测抗原和亚单位疫苗奠定基础。