新疆畜产品质量安全及高效生产监测预警体系研究

新疆畜产品有着典型的地域特色和区位优势,建立健全畜产品质量安全及高效生产监测预警体系,成为新疆现代畜牧业健康发展的重要手段。本文探讨了畜产品监测预警体系构建方法,分析确定畜产品质量安全风险预警影响因子,制订和实施相关畜产品质量认证体系;通过网络集成系统采集产品生产过程信息,建立数据库系统,监测、预警模型分析和评价体系,形成监测和预警机制,以提升和保障新疆畜产品安全和高效生产。     

The development and application of genome editing technology in ruminants: a review

Transgenic ruminants are a valuable resource for both animal breeding and biomedical research. The development of transgenic breeding is proceeding slowly, because it suffers from low efficiency of gene transfer and possible safety problems from uncontrolled random integration. However, new breeding methods combined with genome editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer or microinjection can offer an economic and efficient way to produce gene-edited ruminants, which can serve as bioreactors or have improved disease resistance, animal welfare and product quality. Recent advances in precise genome editing technologies, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 nucleases, are enabling the systematic development of gene-edited ruminant production. This review covers the development of gene-edited ruminants, the particulars of site-specific engineered nucleases and the state of the art and new insights into practical applications and social acceptance of genome editing technology in ruminants. It is concluded that the production of gene-edited ruminants is feasible and through improvements in genome editing technology it is possible to help feed the world.     

Utilization of Chinese Herbal Feed Additives in Animal Production

The experimental knowledge on efficacy,possible modes of action and aspects of application of Chinese herbs as feed additives for animal production are reviewed in this article.Chinese herbs commonly contain protein,carbohydrate,fat,vitamins,and mineral which are necessary nutrients to the growth of animal.Polysaccharide,organic acid,alkaloids,and essential oils involved in Chinese herbs can improve the immune function of livestock.Currently,numerous studies have demonstrated anti-oxidative and anti-microbial efficacy and the assumption that Chinese herbs may improve the flavor of meat,which has been confirmed by some observations,but the mode of this action is still unclear.Moreover,several observations support the hypothesis that herbal feed additives may favorably affect gut functions (e.g.,enzyme activity,microbial eubiosis) in vitro.Such effects may explain a considerable number of practical studies with livestock reporting improved production performance after providing herbal feed additives.In summary,available evidence indicates that herbal feed additives may have the potential to add to the set of non-antibiotic growth promoters for use in livestock,such as organic acids and probiotics.However,a systematic approach toward the efficacy,mode of action and safety of herbal compounds used as feed additives for animal production seems to be required in the future.     

转基因作物饲用安全性评价研究进展

通过引入外源基因的途径对农作物进行遗传改良,转基因技术已经在作物的抗虫、抗除草剂、抗病、抗旱等方面显现出了巨大的潜力。2013年全球转基因作物种植面积已经比1996年首次种植面积增长了100多倍,达到1.75亿hm²,转基因作物及其副产品大部分则用于动物饲料原料,因此,转基因饲料中外源基因和外源蛋白在畜禽体内消解和转移规律以及转基因成分对畜禽营养、生长、健康等方面的影响是社会关注的焦点。笔者在提出转基因作物饲用安全性评价的紧迫性和必要性的基础上,特别指出转基因作物饲用安全性评价与食用安全性评价的特殊性;讨论和分析转基因作物评价所应该遵循的科学原则;概述抗虫作物、抗草甘膦作物和转植酸酶基因玉米中转基因成分的特性;侧重分析了饲料中转基因成分在畜禽体内的消解、转移,转基因饲料的营养价值和饲料养分效价评定,重点剖析转基因饲料对畜禽营养、免疫、繁殖和肠道微生态影响的研究进展。从短期、长期和多代效应综合分析转基因饲料的安全性,转基因饲料中外源基因和外源蛋白未发现从饲料中转移到畜禽组织、器官和血液中,仅少量残存于消化道前段的食糜中;转基因饲料也没有对畜禽营养、免疫、繁殖、肠道健康产生不利作用。但目前还需深入探讨试验材料的选择和相关信息的准确描述、转基因成分在畜禽体内的消解和转移的方法、转基因饲料对畜禽繁殖、免疫以及长期多代的作用研究,以期为建立和完善转基因饲用安全评价体系提供参考。     

转基因作物对畜禽肠道非预期效应的研究进展

随着基因工程技术的发展,全球转基因作物种植面积持续增加,转基因作物及其加工副产物75%以上用于动物饲料原料,因而,非常有必要开展转基因作物饲用安全性评价研究。肠道是机体最大的免疫器官,肠道健康对动物正常生理功能的维持具有重要作用,转基因作物对肠道的非预期效应研究是转基因作物饲用安全性评价的热点。介绍了转基因作物饲用安全性评价的特殊性与必要性,分析了饲料中转基因成分在体内的潜在消解和转移规律,综述了转基因作物对畜禽肠道形态结构和微生态平衡非预期效应的研究进展,旨在为转基因作物饲用安全性评价体系的建立与完善提供参考。     

政府干预与道德责任对养殖废弃物治理绩效的影响——基于养殖场户视角

为提高养殖废弃物治理的绩效水平,本研究基于政府干预和养殖场户的道德责任通过影响养殖场户的治理行为间接影响养殖场户的废弃物治理绩效的基本判断,构建结构方程模型和养殖废弃物治理绩效影响因素指标体系,利用北京市2017年养殖场户调研数据进行实证检验。研究发现,政府干预和养殖场户的道德责任都显著正向影响养殖场户的养殖废弃物治理行为,进而正向影响养殖废弃物治理绩效,且养殖场户的道德责任对养殖废弃物治理绩效的促进作用高于政府干预;养殖场户的治理行为在养殖废弃物治理绩效的影响路径中居于关键位置,既是政府干预和养殖场户的道德责任影响治理绩效的媒介,也直接正向影响治理绩效且影响效应最大。为全面提高养殖场户治理养殖废弃物的绩效,应加大政府干预力度并坚持约束与支持并重,持续提升养殖场户的环保道德责任感,完善养殖废弃物治理政策体系与绩效评价体系。     

食物安全的草地农业创新模式刍议

通过分析我国食物消费趋势发现,需求增长较快的饲料用粮将占去70%的食物当量,我国现有的农业结构模式面临巨大挑战。作为构建粮食安全的思路创新,草地农业蕴含着巨大的生产潜力。我国草业工作者经过多年试验研究,提出了南方农区水稻/玉米-黑麦草轮作、南方山区和牧区多年生混播草地栽培、黄土高原粮草轮作、西北绿洲农区“公司+养殖区+农户”肉牛养畜以及农牧交错带多年生牧草栽培-“粮+草+牲畜养殖”系统等草地农业创新模式,对于食物的增产增收、节粮替粮作用明显。因此,可以通过草地农业建立持续高效的农业生态系统来保障粮食安全。     

Economic impact and public costs of confined animal feeding operations at the parcel level of Craven County,North Carolina

Conflicts have arisen between communities and operators of confined animal feeding as farms have become bigger in order to maintain their competitiveness. These conflicts have been difficult to resolve because measuring and allocating the benefits and costs of livestock production is difficult. This papers demonstrates a policy tool for promoting compromise whereby the community gets reduced negative impacts from livestock while at the same time continues to benefit from livestock jobs, taxes, and related economic activity. Public economic benefits and public economic costs of confined animal feeding operations are estimated for every farm and affected house in Craven County, North Carolina. The results show public economic benefits of $5.7 million and public economic costs of $5.7 million and public economic costs of 2.2 million, but that the ratio of benefits to costs for individual farm-house pairs varies in important ways across the 26 hog farms in Craven County.     

Agricultural GMO safety administration in China

Given the public concern over the safety of genetically modified(GM) technology and products,the article elaborated the safety regulatory and administration on agricultural GMOs in China. China has made a set of laws and regulations of GMO safety management and confirmed competent authorities with clear-cut responsibilities. According to the laws and regulations,GMO products before entering markets have to pass through safety evaluation,get production and processing permission and be labeled correctly. For the importation of GM products,China has set up an import approval system. In addition,China has established technical supportive systems,including safety evaluation specifications,trial specifications and criteria specifications. The existing regulatory system supervises and regulates all activities and work related to agricultural GMOs in China.     

基因编辑猪的研究现状

猪是重要的农业经济动物,猪肉是人类获得蛋白质营养物质的主要途径之一。与此同时,猪在解剖学、生理学及遗传背景、疾病特征等方面与人类极为相似。因此,猪既是农业动物生产性状改良的重要对象,又是人类疾病、异种器官移植等生物医学领域的研究对象。随着基因编辑技术的飞速发展,出现了越来越多操作简单、运用广泛且安全的新型编辑技术,可以快速获得单碱基编辑、基因敲除或敲入的细胞系,并通过体细胞克隆等技术获得基因编辑猪。综述了基因编辑猪的制备及其在农业及医学领域中的研究进展,以期为猪的农业生产性状改良和医学研究提供参考。     

甘南牧区草畜数字化管理系统的设计与开发

结合WebGIS等技术,详细设计了的体系结构,以及系统主要组成模块、功能和实现方法,开发完成草畜数字化管理系统“甘南牧区草畜数字化管理系统”的核心技术。该系统主要包括草地监测、草地评价、家畜动态、草畜平衡诊断、草畜平衡决策和数据共享等6个核心模块,可以向用户提供翔实的草畜动态资料,并实时发布草畜平衡诊断结果和相应管理方案,能够为从事草地畜牧业管理和研究的人员及相关部门提供草畜管理和决策方面的科学依据。     

基于物联网的畜产品溯源系统的构建

[目的]提高畜产品从生产到消费流通过程中的管理和质量追溯能力.[方法]通过结合物联网、二维码及溯源等技术,构建基于物联网的畜产品溯源系统.[结果]该系统为养殖户和管理者提供畜产品在栏内的管理及在流通中的管理和查询,并能为消费者提供产品的溯源信息.[结论]该系统具有灵活性和通用性,可以成为养殖户、质量监督部门及消费者的信息平台,还可以促进畜产品的品牌建设,提升畜产品的品牌效应.     

Research Progress and Prospect of Life Cycle Assessment in Animal Husbandry

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a generally accepted method to evaluate the overall environmental burden and production efficiency during the entire life cycle of a product, which is widely used for production management structure optimization in the enterprises and policy formulation in governments. In recent years, for food safety and environmental protection considerations, more and more studies emphasize that the LCA method should be used in animal husbandry to comprehensively assess the environmental burden and resources consumption during the animal-source food production. In China, LCA research and application of animal husbandry are rare, especially in the northern grassland pastoral area, which are the main livestock produce region, and no LCA research on the local livestock production system has been carried out. This paper reviewed the framework and research status of livestock production LCA methods on the main sections and processes, including (1) the goal and scope definition of livestock husbandry LCA; (2) life cycle inventory (LCI); and (3) life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Through review the domestic and foreign LCA literatures on animal husbandry production, we noticed that the frame and methodology of animal husbandry LCA had been constructed well in developed country. It had an importance instructing significance for the research and practical application of Chinese animal husbandry LCA. However, we also needed to recognize that due to the differences in the specific situations of the livestock industry between domestic and foreign country, foreign LCA experience should not be applied directly in China. First of all, in the northern pastoral areas of China, family farm is the main production system mode of local livestock production, unclear boundaries between herdsmen's life needs and livestock production inputs exist in this system, therefore, it is difficult to apply the foreign experiences directly. Secondly, it is really a challenge to collect the data required for livestock husbandry LCA, which is the biggest restrictive factor of LCA application in livestock production in China. Third, compared with the animal husbandry developed countries, such as European countries, the United States and Australia, due to the gaps in livestock production technology and management methods, the livestock production in the northern pastoral areas of China is affected more by natural factors, such as precipitation, and various marketing factors, including the market supplies and demands. This is also an important issue that must be considered in the research and application of animal husbandry LCA in China. In order to widely practice Chinese livestock husbandry LCA, the following aspects should be improved: (1) the investigation about material input and output of livestock husbandry production in the northern pastoral areas of China should be carried out to collect necessary data; (2) the Chinese animal husbandry LCA database should be established in order to improve the accuracy of livestock husbandry LCA; and (3) we should strengthen the interdisciplinary study to clarify the natural and social driving factors in the development of animal husbandry, and to provide data reference and technology support for the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the northern pastoral areas of China.     

生命周期评价在畜牧生产中的应用研究现状及展望

生命周期评价（life cycle assessment,LCA）作为一种全程评价产品总体环境影响和生产效率的方法,被广泛应用于企业优化生产经营结构和政府政策制定等方面。近年来,出于粮食安全保障和生态环境保护的考虑,LCA在农牧生产中的应用越来越受到重视。但我国相关方面的研究和应用并不多见,特别是作为畜牧业重要产区的北方草原牧区,尚没有开展针对当地畜牧生产体系的LCA研究。在这一背景下,本文围绕主要环节和流程对国内外畜牧生产LCA方法框架和研究现状进行了综述,主要从LCA研究目的与范围的确定、生命周期清单分析和影响评价三个方面展开。国内外文献综述表明,国外畜牧产业中LCA的应用已相当普遍,无论从方法上还是技术上都已经相当成熟和完备,对我国畜牧产业LCA科学研究和实际应用均有较强的借鉴意义。然而,由于国内外畜牧产业的具体情况差异,国外LCA经验难以直接应用到国内。首先,在我国北方牧区,家庭牧场是当地畜牧生产的主要经营方式,具有季节性放牧与圈养舍饲结合、不同牲畜混养、牧民生活和生产经营界限不明确等特点,难以直接套用国外方法。此外,在我国开展畜牧生产LCA研究所需的数据收集非常困难,这是制约我国畜牧生产LCA应用的最大短板。最后,由于畜牧生产技术及经营方式的差距,相比于欧美澳等畜牧业发展成熟国家,我国北方牧区畜牧生产受降水等自然因素及市场供求价格因素影响年际间差异更大,这也是我国开展畜牧生产LCA研究必须考虑的问题。为了使 LCA 能够精准且广泛地应用于我国畜牧产业,应从以下几个方面进行改进：首先,开展我国北方牧区不同规模畜牧生产经营系统物料投入和产出的调查和研究,为畜牧产业LCA研究收集必要数据;其次,根据我国畜牧产业的特征建立并完善适合国情的畜牧业LCA标准方法和数据库,提升我国LCA结论的准确性;第三,在我国畜牧LCA研究中还应加大学科交叉力度,理清畜牧产业发展中的自然和社会驱动因素,为我国北方牧区畜牧产业的可持续发展提供数据参考和科技支撑。     

Direct farm,production base,traceability and food safety in China

With the rapid growth of China's economy,rising demand for safety food has been accompanied by frequent food safety scandals. Given that China's farming is dominated by millions of small-scale farms,ensuring food safety is a major challenge facing the public and private sectors. The direct farm(DF) program,initiated in 2008,represents one of the government's major initiatives to modernize the distribution of fresh fruit and vegetables(FFV) and improve food safety. Under the DF program,participating national and international retailers are expected to establish more direct procurement relationships with farm communities. While it is often claimed that greater participation by retailers in the production and post-harvest processing implied the DF program will lead to improved quality,safety and traceability,systematic evidence remains elusive as existing studies are largely narrative,based on case studies,or theoretical inference. Little empirical evidence is available for a broader evaluation of the DF program. This paper aims to fill this gap by assessing the overall performance of a single retailer's DF experience with respect to the procurement and food safety of FFV. We use data from a survey of production managers of 35 DF production bases(PBs) spread across 11 provinces,3 cities and 1 autonomous region in China. The results show a mixture of opportunities and challenges. On one hand,the DF program improves production practices and distribution channels of FFV produced on its PBs,thus facilitating the move of China's food system towards improved food safety compliance. On the other hand,significant heterogeneity in the traceability of food and the ability of DF to meet higher safety standards is evident both across major product categories and across household-operated vs. firm-operated PBs. The paper concludes with policy implications.     

Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

To mitigate the impacts of grassland degradation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), in recent decades China has been implementing large-scale conservation programs and has invested about 42 billion CNY (7 billion USD). However, these programs are faced with major challenges involving trade-offs between ecological function, livestock production and income of pastoralists. Scientific assessments, as well as technical and policy issues, have not fully captured the complex ecological, social and economic dynamics of the challenges facing grassland management on the QTP. Pastoral livestock production on the QTP is characterized by imbalance in both quality and quantity between livestock seasonal nutrient requirements and herbage production, which forces pastoralists to keep larger numbers of livestock for longer periods, leading to overgrazing. To solve these problems, an integrated crop-livestock system is promoted to improve the efficiency of livestock production and conserve natural grassland as well for a sustainable system for the QTP.     

硒对畜禽免疫功能的影响

硒是机体必需的微量元素之一,在畜禽养殖过程中于其饲料中添加硒制剂能明显提高畜禽生产性能、抗氧化功能及免疫功能．文章从硒对免疫器官发育、对免疫应答能力的影响及硒的免疫促进作用机制等方面进行了综述,并对硒在畜禽免疫系统中的作用途径和不同来源硒之间的选择进行了展望．     

畜禽养殖疾病诊断智能传感技术研究进展

畜牧业是我国农业的重要组成部分,目前我国畜牧业向着规模化、集约化发展,同时也增加了畜禽疾病诊断的难度。为提高畜禽养殖中的动物福利水平,并降低畜牧养殖中因动物疫病与健康异常带来的经济损失与公共卫生安全风险,近年出现了一批通过数字化、智能化手段实现畜禽疫病诊疗的自动化方法,如机器视觉分析、动物音频分析、红外温度感知、深度学习分类等,这些方法可以有效提高对患病或异常畜禽动物的诊断效率、缩短诊断周期、降低畜牧养殖中人工巡检劳动力。畜禽疫病自动诊疗方法不同于常规的基于病理学知识的诊断方法,其主要通过各类传感器自动获取畜禽在养殖过程中的图像、声音、体温、心率、排泄物等各类特征信息,而后通过梅尔倒谱系数、Logistics回归分析等数学模型和支持向量机、深度学习等智能算法对采集的信息进行综合分析与处理,并对动物的健康状态做出评价与预测。文章分别从畜禽形态诊断技术、行为诊断技术、声音诊断技术、体温诊断技术、其他生理参数诊断技术等几个方面总结阐述了目前动物疫病智能诊断技术研究的进展和一些基础的方法原理,这些方法基于动物外型与体尺、行为与动作、鸣叫与声音、体温、排泄物、呼吸与心率等数字化特征,通过数学模型对传感器采集到的特征进行实时分析与分归类,基本实现了对理想环境下动物健康状态的评价。目前的畜禽动物疾病自动诊疗技术研究成果丰富,但相关诊断方法大多是在理想环境下进行,而实际的生产养殖环境中干扰因素很大,目前的诊断方法大多无法很好地排除干扰并精确提取出所需特征信息;并且目前的数字化禽畜疾病诊断方法多是基于禽畜的一种特征信息进行分析诊断,这使得诊断系统的诊断准确度受到影响,诊断结果说服力不足。同时目前的大多数数字化禽畜疾病诊断方法还存在诊断泛化能力差、抗干扰能力差等问题,这些问题制约了其推广与应用。未来畜禽疾病自动诊断的研究重点是提高其传感算法的精度和数学模型的适用性与鲁棒性,并进一步发展基于多种特征耦合与数据融合的智能化畜禽疾病诊疗专家系统,争取实现实时、高效、智能、精准的畜禽健康诊断。     

转基因和基因编辑猪的研究进展

猪是重要的农业经济动物,其在遗传背景、解剖学、生理病理学、营养代谢和疾病特征等方面与人类高度相似,是农业生产性状改良、人类疾病动物模型和异种器官移植研究的重要对象。随着ZFN、TALEN和CRISPR等基因编辑技术的出现,转基因或基因编辑猪的研究取得快速发展。本文将结合当前我国转基因及基因编辑猪的研究现状,对基因编辑技术在农业生产性状改良如提高产肉量、改善肉质、提高抗病能力和建立人类疾病模型、动物生物反应器、异种器官移植等方面进行综述,以期为猪遗传改良和医学研究提供参考。     

RFID在农业中的应用研究

阐述了RFID技术的概念、系统组成;介绍了RFID在农产品安全监控,动物追踪,农产品精细生产和农畜产品流通中的应用;并提出了当前农业应用RFID技术存在的问题。