利用SSR标记揭示中国粳稻地方品种遗传多样性

【目的】通过中国粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性分析,阐明各省份粳稻地方品种的遗传结构及其亲缘关系,为中国粳稻杂交育种的亲本选配提供科学依据。【方法】利用43对SSR多态性标记,对原产于中国17个省（市、自治区）的187份粳稻地方品种进行等位基因多样性、遗传结构和聚类分析。【结果】共检测到等位基因351个,每个位点等位基因变幅为2-21,平均每个位点等位基因数为8.2;基因多样性指数变异范围为0.117-0.908,平均为0.550;多态信息含量（PIC）变异范围为0.114-0.902,平均为0.523。在RM72、RM241、RM219、RM412和RM232等位点所检测到的遗传多样性参数值较大。西南、华南、华中粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性明显高于华北和东北地区;云南省粳稻地方品种遗传多样性最丰富,天津和吉林的粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性相对较低。基于Nei’s遗传距离的系统聚类把供试材料分为8个小类群,南方粳稻地方品种主要聚类于第ⅰ、ⅱ、ⅲ、ⅳ和ⅴ等5个小类群,北方粳稻地方品种主要聚类于第ⅵ、ⅶ和ⅷ等3个小类群。基于模型的群体结构分析,供试材料被分为11个亚群,有144份材料被分到相应的11个亚群,其余43份材料被分到混合亚群。【结论】南方稻区粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性明显高于北方稻区,其中西南稻区的粳稻地方品种遗传多样性最为丰富,而云南是粳稻地方品种遗传多样性最丰富的省份。北方与南方粳稻地方品种间存在较大的遗传差异,粳稻地方品种间亲缘关系与地域性存在一定的相关性,这种相关性在北方粳稻地方品种中更为突出。RM72、RM241、RM219、RM412和RM232适合应用于粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性检测。     

太湖流域粳稻群体遗传结构分化和亚群特异性分析

目的:研究太湖流域粳稻群体的遗传结构分化以及不同生态亚群的遗传多样性、特异性及其相互关系,为太湖流域亲本遴选提供遗传背景依据。方法:从太湖流域823份地方品种构成的核心种质中筛选出58份品种和36份育成品种构成代表样品,选用均匀分布12条染色体上的91个标记,采用Structure Version2.2软件,对粳稻群体遗传多样性、亚群遗传分化及特异性进行分析。结果:太湖流域粳稻群体由8类血缘组成,遗传上可分为5个生态亚群,每个亚群的血缘构成各不相同。不同的生态亚群中含有各自的特有和特缺等位变异,其中生态型Ⅲ特有等位变异数最多,对其他4个亚群其具有最多的补充等位变异。     

用SSR标记比较亚洲栽培稻与普通野生稻的遗传多样性

 用 30对SSR引物比较了 5 2份不同生态型的栽培稻和 34份不同省 (区 )的普通野生稻 (简称CWR)的遗传多样性 ,发现在 2 84条多态性带中 ,有栽培稻特异带 15条 (5 .2 % ) ,普通野生稻特异带 117条 (41.2 % ) ,栽培稻与普通野生稻的差异主要来自野生稻。栽培稻和普通野生稻的平均基因多样性分别为 0 .6 7和 0 .9,每一位点在栽培稻中的等位基因平均为 5 .3,而在野生稻中平均为 9.6 ,栽培稻中的等位基因数仅为野生稻的 6 2 % ;野生稻材料间的平均遗传距离为 0 .80 11,远大于栽培稻品种之间的 0 .6 6 0 3,说明野生稻的遗传多样性大于栽培稻。此外 ,籼稻品种与粳稻品种之间的平均遗传距离也明显大于籼、粳亚种内品种间的遗传距离 ,表明籼粳分化是亚洲栽培稻遗传分化的主流。聚类分析结果表明 ,SSR标记既能较好地将栽培稻与野生稻分开 ,又能较好地进行籼粳稻的分类。     

中粳水稻品种资源遗传多样性Ⅲ. 不同时期育成品种SSR多样性的比较分析

利用 42个SSR标记对我国中粳水稻稻区不同时期育成的137份品种进行遗传多样性分析,33个标记具有多态性,在多态性位点共检测到107个等位基因,每个引物上的等位基因数为 2～7个,平均3.2个。供试品种Nei多样性指数平均值为0.290,变异范围为0.162～0.419。供试品种在籼粳分化程度上差异明显,TDj值平均为0.7787,变幅为0.3620～0.9445,多数品种的籼粳分化较为彻底,地方品种和早期育成品种存在粳型倾籼类型。利用SSR分子标记进行UPGMA聚类分析,可将130个典型粳型品种、3个籼稻对照品种和7个粳型倾籼型品种明显分开,与形态分类的结果相一致,130个粳稻品种可分为多个类群。Nei基因多样性指数He,TDj值、SSR多样性变化趋势表明,我国中粳水稻稻区不同时期育成的品种遗传多样性呈下降趋势,因此,水稻育种中应发掘新的种质资源,拓宽品种的遗传多样性。     

Genetic Diversity Based on AIIozyme Alleles of Chinese Cultivated Rice

Genetic diversity was analyzed with 6 632 core rice cultivars selected from 60 282 Chinese rice accessions on the basis of 12 allozyme loci, Pgil, Pgi2, Amp1, Amp2, Amp3, Amp4, Sdhl, Adhl, Estl, Est2, Est5 and Est9, by starch gel electrophoresis. Among the materials examined, 52 alleles at 12 polymorphic loci were identified, which occupied 96.3% of 54 alleles found in cultivated germplasm of O. sativa L. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7 with an average of 4.33. The gene diversity （He） each locus varied considerably from 0.017 for Amp4 to 0.583 for Est2 with an average gene diversity （Ht） 0.271, mid Shannon-Wiener index from 0.055 to 0.946 with an average of 0.468. The degree of polymorphism （DP） was in a range from 0.9 to 46.9% with an average of 21.4%. It was found that the genetic diversity in japonica （Keng） subspecies was lower in terms of allele＇s number, Ht and S-W index, being 91.8, 66.2 and 75.7% of indica （Hsien） one, respectively. Significant genetic differentiation between indica and japonica rice has been appeared in the loci Pgil, Amp2, Pgi2, and Est2, with higher average coefficient of genetic differentiation （Gst） 0.635, 0.626, 0.322 and 0.282, respectively. Except less allele number per locus （3.33） for modern cultivars, being 76.9% of landraces, the Ht and S-W index showed in similar between the modem cultivars and the landraces detected. In terms of allozyme, the rice cultivars in the Southwest Plateau and Central China have richer genetic diversity. The present study reveals again that Chinese cultivated rice germplasm has rich genetic diversity, showed by the allozyme allele variation.     

中国不同省份籼稻地方品种的指纹图谱分析

【目的】通过对中国不同省份籼稻地方品种的SSR标记多样性分析,为中国籼稻地方品种的指纹图谱构建及其有效保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】利用78对SSR引物,对中国14个省280份籼稻地方品种进行指纹图谱检测,分析不同省份籼稻地方品种间SSR标记遗传多样性差异、等位基因组成及其出现频率等。【结果】共检测到330个等位基因,每对引物等位基因数为2—12个,平均等位基因数为4.141个。RM336、RM334、RM264、RM297、RM204、RM248、RM444的等位基因数和有效等位基因数较多,分别在6和3以上,且遗传多样性指数较高,在1.4以上。78对SSR引物各等位基因的出现频率变异在0.18%—99.56%,RM338的A等位基因出现频率最高,RM131的E等位基因和RM276的F等位基因出现频率最低。RM338、RM308、RM484、RM29等44对SSR引物的某个等位基因在单个或多个省份籼稻地方品种中出现频率为100%。RM336、RM334、RM264、RM204、RM297、RM248、RM263、RM276、RM444、RM21、RM246和RM258等12对引物在多数省份中均表现为较高的遗传多样性。【结论】上述12对SSR引物适用于中国籼稻地方品种的指纹图谱构建。     

Development of a Highly Informative Microsatellite （SSR） Marker Framework for Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Genotyping

To select highly informative microsatellite markers （SSRs） and establish a useful genetic SSR framework for rice genotyping, 15 rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars including six indica varieties and nine japonica varieties were used to analyze the polymorphism information content （PIC） value of 489 SSR markers. A total of 1 296 alleles were detected by 405 polymorphic markers with an average of 3.2 per locus. The PIC value of each chromosome was ranged from 0.4039 （chromosome 2） to 0.5840 （chromosome 11）. Among the two rice subspecies, indica （0.3685-0.4952） gave a higher PIC value than japonica （0.1326-0.3164） and displayed a higher genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of indica was high on chromosome 12 （0.4952） and low on chromosome 8 （0.3685）, while that for japonica was high on chromosome 11 （0.3164） and low on chromosome 2 （0.1326）. A SSR framework including 141 highly informative markers for genotyping was selected from 199 SSR markers （PIC〉0.50）. Ninety-three SSR markers distributed on 12 chromosomes were found to be related to indica-japonica differentiation. Of these 93 pairs of SSR primers, 17 pairs were considered as core primers （all the japonica varieties have the same specific alleles, while the indica varieties have another specific alleles）, 48 pairs as the second classic primers （all the japonica or indica varieties have the same specific alleles, while the indica or japanica varieties have two or more other specific alleles ） and 28 pairs as the third classic primers （all the japonica and indica varieties have two or more alleles, but the specific alleles are different between japonica and indica）. Thirty-two SSR markers were selected to be highly informative and useful for genetic diversity analysis of japonica varieties. This work provides a lot of useful information of SSR markers for rice breeding programs, especially for genotyping, diversity analysis and genetic mapping.     

云南地方水稻品种遗传多样性分析及其保护意义

为了研究云南地方水稻品种遗传多样性水平。对采自云南17个村落的82份品种以及代表籼粳不同类型的3份标准样的遗传背景进行SSR分析。19对引物共检测出83条多态带(分子量变异范围是100～500bp)。根据L71K；MA法用遗传相似系数进行聚类分析。结果表明，这85份水稻品种遗传相似系数在0．152～0．900之间存在显著的遗传变异。这些品种的遗传多样性并非均匀的按地理位置分布，而是在相似系数为0．152的水平上明显分为2个不同类群：籼稻类群和粳稻类群。从不同村落采集的叫同一名称的品种的遗传背景并不相近。研究表明，保护云南地方水稻品种十分必要，但是需要制定合适的策略，确保有效保护活动。另外选择合适的SSR引物是区分籼粳类型的理想手段。     

A genetic diversity assessment of starch quality traits in rice landraces from the Taihu basin,China

There are nearly 1 000 rice landrace varieties in the Taihu basin, China. To assess the genetic diversity of the rice, 24 intragenic molecular markers(representing 17 starch synthesis-related genes) were investigated in 115 Taihu basin rice landraces and 87 improved cultivars simultaneously. The results show that the average genetic diversity and polymorphism information content values of the landraces were higher than those of improved cultivars. In total, 41 and 39 allele combinations(of the 17 genes) were derived from the landraces and improved cultivars, respectively; only two identical allele combinations were found bet ween the two rice variety sources. Cluster analysis, based on the molecular markers, revealed that the rice varieties could be subdivided into five groups and, within these, the japonica improved rice and japonica landrace rice varieties were in two separate groups. According to the quality reference criteria to classify the rice into grades, some of the landraces were found to perform we ll, in terms of starch quality. For example, according to NY /T595-2002 criteria from the Ministry of Agriculture of China, 25 and 33 landraces reached grade 1, in terms of their apparent amylose content and gel consistency. Th e varieties that had outstanding quality could be used as breeding materials for rice quality breeding programs in the future. Our study is useful for future applications, such as genetic diversity studies, the protection of rice variety and improvment of rice quality in breeding programs.     

Evaluation of Chinese rice varieties resistant to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, which is distributed worldwide, is considered a major constraint on rice production in Asia. The present study used the root gall index and number of nematodes inside the roots to evaluate resistance/susceptibility to M. graminicola in different subpopulations of Oryza sativa(aus, hybrid aus, indica, hybrid indica, temperate japonica, tropical japonica). Nematode development in highly resistant varieties was also evaluated. Analyses of randomly selected 35 varieties showed the number of M. graminicola nematodes inside the roots correlated very strongly(r=0.87, P≤0.05) with the nematode gall index, and the results from pot and field experiments revealed similar rankings of the varieties for resistance/susceptibility. Among the 136 tested varieties, temperate japonica displayed the highest gall index, followed by tropical japonica, indica, hybrid indica, aus, and hybrid aus. Zhonghua 11(aus), Shenliangyou 1(hybrid aus) and Cliangyou 4418(hybrid indica) were highly resistant to M. graminicola under both pot and field conditions. Further examination of nematode development suggested that compared to susceptible rice, M. graminicola penetrated less often into highly resistant varieties and more frequently failed to develop into females. The promising varieties found in the present research might be useful for the breeding of hybrid rice in China and for the further development of practical nematode management measures.     

普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻核基因组的RFLP分析

 本研究通过对来自亚洲10个国家的122份普通野生稻（O.rufipogon Griff.，简称普野，下同）和76份亚洲栽培稻（O.sativa L.）的核DNA RFLP分析，探讨了中国普野与南亚、东南亚普野，普野与栽培稻以及籼粳之间的遗传分化关系。结果表明，籼粳分化是栽培稻核DNA遗传分化的主流。在核DNA分化上，中国普野可分为原始普野型，偏籼型和偏粳型；南亚普野只有原始普野型和偏籼型，没有偏粳型；东南亚普野有原始普野型和偏籼型，还可能有偏粳型。中国普野因地理分布不同，其遗传分化表现出多态性，江西东乡和湖南茶陵以及部分云南元江普野既不与籼稻聚在一起，又不与粳稻聚在一起，而独聚一类，其形态上亦比较原始，属于原始祖先型。广东、广西普野则表现为偏籼或偏粳。根据中国、南亚、东南亚普野的遗传分化关系，再次论证了中国和南亚（以印度为中心）是栽培稻起源演化的两个原始中心，并提出了籼粳演化应该是多途径的。     

Genetic Diversity and Genetic Changes in the Introgression Lines Derived from Oryza sativa L. Mating with O. rufipogon Griff.

The objectives of the present study were to estimate genetic diversity and genetic changes of introgression lines (ILs) which derived from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xieqingzao B, XB) mating with common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff., CWR). The genetic data of 239 ILs were based on a total of 131 polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers distributed across the 12 chromosomes of rice. On average, these ILs possessed 77.1 and 14.31% homozygous bands from XB and CWR, respectively. Most of the ILs were clustered together with XB individual, which was revealed by principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and the program STRUCTURE analysis. The result from PCA demonstrated that some intermediate genotypes between XB and CWR were also found. Moreover, there were some genomic sequence changes including parental bands elimination and novel bands emergence in the ILs. The average Nei's gene diversity (He) was 0.296, which was higher than that of cultivated rice. It suggested that interspecific hybridization and gene introgression could broaden the base of genetic variation and lay an important foundation for rice genetic improvement. These different genotypic ILs would provide a better experimental system for understanding the evolution of rice species and the mechanism of alien gene introgression.     

Genetic Variation in Rhizome Lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera） Germplasms from China Assessed by RAPD Markers

To estimate genetic variation in rhizome lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera） germplasms in China, a total of 94 rhizome lotus germplasms collected from 18 provinces in China were assessed. The RAPD （randomly amplified polymorphic DNA） marker was employed. The selected 17 random primers detected 139 polymorphic alleles out of a total 207 （67.15%）. Nei＇s gene diversity statistics and region differentiation parameters indicated that all germplasms had a relatively high level of genetic diversity with ne = 1.3202, h = 0.1937, I= 0.2982 and the gene flow among all regions was Nrn = 5.5742. The UPGMA dendrogram clustered all 94 germplasms into two clusters： One contained eight commercial cultivars and major landraces, and the other included the wild and some special landraces from five regions, and the PCA analysis exhibited the similar result. Those germplasms from southwestern and eastern China had higher genetic diversity than those from the southern, northern and central China. Predominant proportion of genetic variation （95.61%） was found significant within rather than among （4.39%） regions, as revealed by AMOVA analysis. The data analysis also revealed that the genetic diversity of rhizome lotus germplasms among different regions is positively related to their geographic distances, though it is ambiguous to find the trend from the UPGMA dendrogram and the PCA analysis. A relatively high genetic diversity and gene flow resided in the root lotus germplasms; about 96% of the variation was found within region; accessions from southwest and eastern China have higher genetic diversity than those from the southern, northern and central China.     

A Comparative Analysis of B Chromosomes and Genetic Diversity in Maize （Zea mays L.） Landraces from Southwest China

The number of B chromosomes （Bs） in 54 maize landraces from Southwest China was tested by means of cytological observations. Nine landraces with Bs were observed. A map, showing the geographic distribution of the landraces with Bs, was plotted. It was found that southeastern Sichuan Province in China was the main distribution area of the landraces with Bs in Southwest China. In order to obtain information on relationships between Bs and genetic variation, genetic diversity both among and within 11 landraces was evaluated. For each SSR marker, the number of alleles ranged from 3 to 12 with an average of 7.86, which revealed a high level of genetic diversity among maize landraces in Southwest China. Based on SSRs data, higher genetic variation was found in the landraces with 2B, and the genetic distance between the landraces with and without Bs was higher. The results together with the principal component analysis （PCA） supported the hypothesis that maize landraces in Southwest China were first introduced to the middle part of southwest Sichuan, China. At the same time, the effect of Bs on genetic variation was discussed.     

中国台湾栽培稻种质资源的等位酶遗传多样性

 分析了中国台湾省1 591份亚洲栽培稻14个等位酶基因位点的等位基因酶谱(Pgi1、Pgi2、Amp1、Amp2、Amp3、Amp4、Sdh1、Adh1、Cat1、Icd1、Est1、Est2、Est5和Est9)。结果表明，被检测的台湾稻种含有47个等位酶等位基因，占亚洲栽培稻该类等位酶己鉴定出的60个等位基因的78.3%，其等位基因频率变幅为0.001~0.997，基因多样性指数(Ha)变幅为0.006~0.585。平均基因多样性指数(Ht)和平均多态性指数(DP)分别为0.239和18.3%。基因频率低于0.05的等位基因共24个，占51.1%；基因频率在0.05~0.95的18个，占38.3%；基因频率高于0.95的有5个(Amp1-1、Adh1-1、Icd1-1、Est1-1和Est5-1)。1 591个台湾品种共有182种等位酶基因型，且等位基因Est9-null仅存在于3个台湾品种中。遗传分化系数(Gst)和聚类分析表明，台湾品种在Amp2、Cat1、Pgi1、Est2和Pgi2的基因位点上出现了明显的籼粳差异。台湾栽培稻具有较丰富的等位酶遗传多样性，是中国栽培稻遗传多样性的重要组成部分。     

The Source of Genes Related to Rice Grain Starch Synthesis Among Cultivated Varieties and Its Contribution to Quality

The property of starch in rice grain endosperm is a very important determinant for rice quality, and it is essential to understand the genetic effect of the genes related to starch synthesis in high-yielding rice varieties for rice quality improvement. The physicochemical properties （e.g., amylose content, gel consistency, and RVA profile） were assessed on 53 rice varieties, including certain typical indica/japonica landraces and certain high-yielding modern varieties. And molecular markers for Sbel, Sbe3 developed on the basis of sequence diversities between the rice subspecies indica and japonica, together with PCR-Acc I marker for Wx gene were used to investigate the genotypes of 53 rice cultivars. The result showed that the developed molecular markers for Wx, Sbel, Sbe3 could distinguish indica or japonica alleles at three loci. Among all the 53 rice cultivars, six genotypes were observed when Sbel, Sbe3, and Wx loci were considered together, while the genotypes of WxiSbelJSbe3i and WxiSbelJSbe3J were absent. In order to explore the genetic effects of the three genes, especially for starch branching enzyme genes, ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis were conducted. The results showed that rice cultivars with different genotypes exhibited different phenotypes, including amylose content, gel consistency and certain RVA characteristics, and the significant differences among the six genotypes were observed. It was concluded that these three genes had randomly recombined during the process of the rice variety development. And the genetic effects of indica and japonica alleles at three gene loci were different, of which, Wx gene plays a major role in determining the starch properties, followed by Sbel and Sbe3, and the genetic effects of Sbel and Sbe3 in different backgrounds （Wx~, WxJ） are different. The results have provided a clue for rice good quality variety development, and the molecular markers will benefit to the improvement in quality of rice.     

中国栽培大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)微核心种质的群体结构与遗传多样性

【目的】评价中国栽培大豆微核心种质的群体结构和遗传多样性水平,为拓宽大豆遗传基础、发掘优异基因、改良大豆品种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大豆20个连锁群上的100个SSR位点,对来自全国28个省补充完善的248份栽培大豆微核心种质进行SSR遗传多样性及群体结构分析;采用PowerMarker Version 3.25软件统计等位变异数、平均等位变异数、多态性信息量(PIC值)及亚群特有等位变异数等参数;基于遗传距离建立了栽培大豆微核心种质的无根Neighbor-Joining树;用Structure2.2软件对微核心种质的群体结构进行评价。【结果】100个SSR位点在248份材料中共检测出等位变异1460个,每个位点变异范围为2—33个,平均为14.6个,每个位点PIC值变异范围为0.158—0.932,平均为0.743。基于模型的群体结构分析显示,依据LnP(D)无法判断最佳K值(群组数),但通过计算系数ΔK发现,K=3为微核心种质的最佳群体结构。结合种质的生态类型及品种类型分析发现,地理来源相同的种质具有聚在一起的倾向,但来源相同的种质也有分在不同组的情况。不同生态类型及品种类型间均存在较多的互补等位变异和特有等位变异。【结论】中国栽培大豆微核心种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,可以用来拓宽大豆品种遗传基础;不同生态类型及品种类型间存在较多的互补及特有等位变异,是种质创新及品种改良的物质基础;栽培大豆微核心种质存在明显的群体结构,为微核心种质在育种中的直接或间接利用提供了理论依据。     

中国不同省份粳稻选育品种的遗传相似性

 【目的】探讨中国不同省份间粳稻选育品种的遗传相似性和遗传差异,为粳稻育种提供参考依据。【方法】利用34对SSR引物对12个省139份粳稻选育品种进行遗传相似性和聚类分析。【结果】共检测到198个等位基因,平均每对SSR引物检测到的等位基因数为5.3235个。RM320、RM531、RM1、RM286和RM336的等位基因数较多,分别为15、12、11、9和9个;RM320、RM336、RM286和RM531的遗传多样性指数较高,分别为2.3324、2.0292、1.8996和1.7820。12个省份间粳稻选育品种的遗传相似性系数范围为0.321～0.914,平均0.686。东北三省、宁夏、云南等纬度相近或生态气候环境相似的省份间粳稻选育品种的遗传相似性较高,而贵州、江苏与其它省份间纬度或生态气候差异较大,其粳稻选育品种的遗传相似性较低。【结论】RM320、RM531、RM1、RM286和RM336等标记适合利用于粳稻选育品种的遗传多样性检测。不同省份间粳稻选育品种的遗传相似性与其亲本的遗传基础有密切相关的同时,与品种选育时所处的纬度和生态气候环境也有一定的相关性。     

云南地方稻种不同分类方法的比较研究

在中国的丁颖和程侃声栽培稻分类体系的基础上,按俞履祈的变种分类方法对云南搜集保存的5285份地方稻种资源进行分类研究表明：（1）云南是中国稻种最大的遗传变异中心。（2）云南地方稻分属58个变种,为中国栽培稻变种的总和,但品种数约占中国栽培稻的8.6%;其变种特点是以普通籼、红籼,红粳、普通粳、普通糯粳和红光壳粳为优势变种,粳稻变异大于籼稻,深色型、糯稻、光壳稻和有芒变种占有较高比较。（3）云南地方稻种分为籼粳2个亚种、6大生态群,其中热带粳群、光壳粳群和普通粳群的品种数分别占云南地方稻种的3.6%,18.1%,32.1%,分别为13,11和18个变种;早中籼群、冬籼群和晚籼群的品种分别占云南地方稻种的1.8%,0.5%,43.9%,分别为11,4和24个变种。（4）云南地方稻籼亚种26个变种和粳亚种32个变种。籼水稻和晚稻是籼亚种的基本型,籼陆稻和早中稻则是生态变异型。粳亚种中的水陆稻、粘糯稻、早中和晚稻之间均没有基本型与变异型之分,且与籼亚种中的有明显区别。这进一步揭示了云南地方稻种籼和粳为两个独立起源中心。（5）初步提出云南栽培稻分类体系为按“种－亚种－生态群－生态变种群－品种类型”的5级新型分类体系。     

Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.